Arab Open University

Faculty of Computer Studies

Dr. Mohamed Sayed

MT129 - Calculus and Probability

© 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 1 of 78
 Course Contents
 Functions
 Derivatives
 Applications of Derivative…
 Techniques of Differentiation
 Logarithmic Functions and Applications
 The Definite Integrals
 The Trigonometric Functions
 Probability and Calculus

MT129© –2010
Calculus and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 2 of 78
 Tutorial 1

Functions

MT129© –2010
Calculus and Probability
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 Outline
 Functions and Their Graphs
 Some Important Functions
 The Algebra of Functions
 Zeros of Functions
 The Quadratic Formula and Factoring
 Exponents and Power
 Geometric Problems

MT129© –2010
Calculus and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 4 of 78
Real (Rational & Irrational) Numbers
Definition Example
Rational Number: A number that may be
2
written as a finite or infinite repeating   0.285714 285714 ...  0.285714
decimal, in other words, a number that 7
1
can be written in the form m/n such that    0.5
2
m, n are integers
Irrational Number: A number that has an
infinite decimal representation whose 3  1.73205
digits form no repeating pattern

The Number Line

A geometric representation of the real numbers is shown below
2
 3
7
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 5 of 78
Infinite, Open & Closed Intervals

Definition Example
Infinite Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between a given
endpoint and the infinity 4, 
x4
Closed Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between two
given endpoints, including the [1, 4]
endpoints themselves 1  x  4
Open Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between two
given endpoints, not including the (1, 4)
endpoints themselves 1  x  4

MT129© –2010
Calculus and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 6 of 78
Functions
• A function f is a rule that assigns to each value of a real variable x
exactly one value of another real variable y.
• The variable x is called the independent variable and the variable y is
called the dependent variable.
• We usually write y = f (x) to express the fact that y is a function of x. Here
f (x) is the name of the function.
x y
y = f (x)
EXAMPLES:
f ( x)  x 2  4
1
g ( z) 
z 3

s (t )  t 2  1

(  2  )
k ( )  e  sin 
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Calculus and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 7 of 78
Functions
EXAMPLE
If f (x) = x2 + 4x + 3, find f (2) and f (a  2).

SOLUTION

f ( x)  x 2  4 x  3 This is the given function.

f (2)  (2)2  4(2)  3  1 Replace each x with – 2.

f (a  2)  a  22  4a  2  3 Replace each x with a – 2.

 
f (a  2)  a 2  4a  4  4a  2  3 Evaluate (a – 2)2 = a2 – 4a + 4.

f (a  2)  a 2  4a  4  4a  8  3 Remove parentheses and distribute.

f (a  2)  a 2  1 Combine like terms.

MT129© –2010
Calculus and Probability
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Functions

EXAMPLE
100x
Let R( x)  .
b x
(a) Suppose that b = 20. Find R when x = 60.
(b) Determine the value of b if R(50) = 60.

SOLUTION
100  60
(a ) R(60)   75 Replace b with 20 and x with 60.
20  60
Therefore, when b = 20 and x = 60, R (x) = 75.

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Functions

CONTINUED

100x
(b) R( x)  This is the given function.
b x
100  50
R(50)  Replace x with 50.
b  50
100  50
60  Replace R(50) with 60.
b  50
b  50  60  5000  b  50 Multiply both sides by b + 50.
b  50
60b  3000  5000 Distribute on the left side.
60b  2000 Subtract 3000 from both sides.
b  33.3 Divide both sides by 60.
Therefore, b = 33.3 when R (50) = 60.

MT129 – Calculus
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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function
The set of acceptable values
f ( x)  x 4  3 x 2  6
for the variable x.
is R
 x 
( , )

MT129 – Calculus
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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function
The set of acceptable values
for the variable x. f ( x)  x  2
is x20
x  2
[- 2 ,  )

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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
set of acceptable values for 2x
f ( x)  2
the variable x. x 4
is x2  4  0
x  2
x  R \  2

MT129 – Calculus
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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
set of acceptable values for x2
the variable x. f ( x) 
3 x
is
3 x  0
x 3
(  , 3)

MT129 – Calculus
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Graphs of Functions

Definition Example
Graph of a Function: The set of
all points (x, f (x)) where x is the
domain of f (x). Generally, this
forms a curve in the xy-plane.

MT129 – Calculus
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The Vertical Line Test

Definition Example
Vertical Line Test: A curve in the
xy-plane is the graph of a function
if and only if each vertical line
cuts or touches the curve at no
more than one point.

Although the red line intersects the

graph no more than once (not at all in
this case), there does exist a line (the
yellow line) that intersects the graph
more than once. Therefore, this is
not the graph of a function.

MT129 – Calculus
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Linear Equations
Equation Example

y = mx + b
(This is a linear function)

x=a
(This is not the graph of a
function)

y=b
(This is a constant function)

MT129 – Calculus
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Quadratic Functions

Definition Example
Quadratic Function: A
function of the form
f ( x)  ax2  bx  c
where a, b, and c are constants
and a ≠ 0.

MT129 – Calculus
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Polynomial Functions

Definition Example
Polynomial Function: A function of
the form
f ( x)  an xn  an 1xn 1    a0
f ( x)  17 x3  x 2  5
where n is a nonnegative integer and
a0, a1, ..., an are given numbers.

MT129 – Calculus
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Rational Functions

Definition Example
Rational Function: A function
expressed as the quotient of two 3x  x 4
g ( x)  2
polynomials. 5x  x  1

MT129 – Calculus
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Power Functions

Definition Example
Power Function: A function
of the form f ( x)  x5.2
f ( x)  x r .

MT129 – Calculus
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Absolute Value Function

Definition Example
Absolute Value Function: The
function defined for all numbers x
by f ( x)  x
f ( x)  x ,
such that |x| is understood to be x f (  1 2)   1 2  1 2
if x is positive and –x if x is
negative

MT129 – Calculus
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Adding Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x) + g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x) + g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x 3 x  2 functions.
x2 2 1 x 3
    Multiply to get common
x  2 x 3 x  2 x 3 denominators.
2x  4 x3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
2x  4  x  3 3x  1
  Add and simplify the numerator.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
3x  1
 Evaluate the denominator.
x2  x  6

MT129 – Calculus
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Subtracting Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x)  g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x)  g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x 3 x  2 functions.
x2 2 1 x 3
    Multiply to get common
x  2 x 3 x  2 x 3 denominators.
2x  4 x3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3


2 x  4  x  3 Subtract.
x  2x  3
x7 x7
  2 Simplify the numerator and
x  2x  3 x  x  6 denominator.

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 24 of 78
Multiplying Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x)g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x)g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x3 x2 functions.
2 1
 Multiply the numerators and
x  3x  2 denominators.
2
 Evaluate.
x2  x  6

MT129 – Calculus
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Dividing Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1 f ( x)
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express as a rational function.
x 3 x2 g ( x)
SOLUTION
f ( x)

g ( x)
2
 x3 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
1 functions.
x2
2 x2
  Rewrite as a product (multiply by
x3 1 reciprocal of denominator).
2 x  2 
 Multiply the numerators and
 x  31 denominators.
2x  4
 Evaluate.
x 3

MT129 – Calculus
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Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 26 of 78
Composition of Functions
EXAMPLE
Table 1 shows a conversion table for men’s hat sizes for three countries. The
function g(x) = 8x + 1 converts from British sizes to French sizes, and the
1
function f ( x)  x converts from French sizes to U.S. sizes. Determine the
8
function h(x) = f (g(x)) and give its interpretation.

SOLUTION
h (x) = f (g (x)) This is what we will determine.
1
  g x  In the function f, replace each
8 occurrence of x with g (x).
1
  8 x  1 Replace g (x) with 8x + 1.
8
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Composition of Functions
CONTINUED
1 1
  8x  1 Distribute.
8 8
1
 x Multiply.
8
Therefore, h (x) = f (g (x)) = x + 1/8. Now to determine what this function h (x) means,
we must recognize that if we plug a number into the function, we may first evaluate
that number plugged into the function g (x). Upon evaluating this, we move on and
evaluate that result in the function f (x). This is illustrated as follows.

g (x) f (x)
British French French U.S.

h (x)
Therefore, the function h (x) converts a men’s British hat size to a men’s U.S. hat size.

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 28 of 78
Composition of Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  .
x 3 x2
Find (f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) and (g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) . Simplify your answer.
SOLUTION
(f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) =
2
 Replace x by g(x) in the function
g ( x)  3
f (x)
2
 Substitute.
1
3
x2
2 x2
  Multiply the numerators and
3 x2
1
denominators by x + 2.
x2
2x  4

 3x  5 Simplify.

MT129 – Calculus
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Composition of Functions

CONTINUED
(g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) =
1

f ( x)  2 Replace x by f(x) in the function
g (x)
1
 Substitute.
2
2
x3
1 x3 Multiply the numerators and
 
2 x3
2 denominators by x + 2.
x3
x 3
 Simplify.
2x  4

MT129 – Calculus
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Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 30 of 78
Zeros of Functions

Definition Example
Zero of a Function: For a
f ( x)  x 2  1
function f (x), all values of x such
that f (x) = 0. 0  x2  1
x  1

MT129 – Calculus
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Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 31 of 78
Zeros of Functions

Definition Example
Zero of a Function: Using x2  5x  6  0
Factorization,
(x – a)(x – b) ( x  2)( x  3)  0
= x2 – (a + b)x + ab
x  2, x  3

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Zeros of Functions

Definition Example
Quadratic Formula: A formula for x 2  3x  2  0
solving any quadratic equation of the
form 2
a  1; b  3; c  2
ax  bx  c  0
 3  32  41 2
The solution is: x
21
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a  3  17
x
There is no solution if 2
These are the solutions/zeros
b 2  4ac  0 of the quadratic function
f ( x)  x 2  3 x  2

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 33 of 78
Graphs of Intersecting Functions
EXAMPLE

Find the points of intersection of the pair of curves.

y  x 2  10 x  9; y  x  9
SOLUTION
The graphs of the two equations can be seen to intersect in the following graph. We can
use this graph to help us to know whether our final answer is correct.

100

80

60

40

20

0
-5 0 5 10 15
-20

-40

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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED
To determine the intersection points, set the equations equal to each other, since they
both equal the same thing: y.
x 2  10 x  9  x  9
Now we solve the equation for x using the quadratic formula.
x 2  10 x  9  x  9 This is the equation to solve.
x2  11x  9  9 Subtract x from both sides.
x 2  11x  18  0 Add 9 to both sides.
( x  2)(x  9)  0 x = 2 or x = 9

OR, a = 1, b = −11, and c =18.

  11   11  4118
2

x Use the quadratic formula.

21

11  121  72
x Simplify.
2
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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED

11 49
x Simplify.
2
11 7
x Simplify.
2
11  7 11  7
x , Rewrite.
2 2
x  9, 2 Simplify.

We now find the corresponding y-coordinates for x = 9 and x = 2. We can use either of
the original equations. Let’s use y = x – 9.
x9 x2
y  x9 y  x9
y 99 y  29
y0 y  7

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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED

Therefore the solutions are (9, 0) and (2, −7). This seems consistent with the two
intersection points on the graph. A zoomed in version of the graph follows.

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5

-10

-15

-20

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Factoring
EXAMPLE

Solve the cubic equation 6 x  2 x 3  0.

SOLUTION

6 x  2 x3 This is the given polynomial.

2 x3  x2  Factor 2x out of each term.

2x 3  x2
2
 Rewrite 3 as 3 .
2

Now I can use the factorization pattern: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b).


2x 3  x  3x  Rewrite
2
3  x2 as  3x  3x .

2x 3  x  
3x 0 Solve the equation.

x  0, x   3

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Factoring
EXAMPLE
Solve the equation for x:
5 6
1  2
SOLUTION
x x
5 6
1  2 This is the given equation.
x x
5 6 
x 2 1    2  x 2 Multiply everything by the LCD: x2.
x x 
5 6
x2   x2  2  x2 Distribute.
x x
x2  5x  6 Multiply.
x 2  5x  6  0 Subtract 5x + 6 from both sides.
x  1x  6  0 Factor.
x 1  0 x60 Set each factor equal to zero.
x  1 x6 Solve.

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Exponents

Definition Example

b n  b
 b
b
 53  5  5  5
n times

1 1
b  b
n n
5 3 5
3

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Exponents

Definition Example

 b  5
m 3
m 3
b  b 
n n m n
5  5 
4 4 3 4

m
 1 1 1 3
1 1 1
 m n m  
5  4 
 b
b n

 5
4
m 3 3
bn b n
5 3 4
5 4

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 41 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example
1 2 1 2 3

b b  b
r s r s
6 6  6
3 3 3 3
 6  61  6
3

1
1  1 11
b  r
r
4  1 2

b 42 4 2

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 42 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example
4

br 7 3 4 1

3

 b r s 1 7 3 3
 7  71  7
3

bs
7 3

b 
5
r s
b rs   4 845

4 1

 9   95 8  98  92  9  3
5

 

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 43 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example
125  27 1/ 3
 1251 / 3  271 / 3
ab r
 a r  br
 3 125  3 27  5  3  15

r 4
a a 104  10 
r

   r     2 4
 16
b b 5
4
5

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 44 of 78
Applications of Exponents
EXAMPLE

Use the laws of exponents to simplify the algebraic expression

 27 x  5 2/ 3

3
SOLUTION
x

 27 x 5 2/ 3

3
x This is the given expression.
 27  x 5 
2/ 3 2/ 3

3
x
abr  a r  br
 27  x 
2/ 3 5 2/ 3
1
b n b
n
x1 / 3
 27 2 / 3  x10 / 3 b 
r s
 b rs
x1 /23
3

 27  x10 / 3 m
b  n bm 
n
 b
n
m

x1 / 3
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 45 of 78
Applications of Exponents
CONTINUED

 3 2
 x10 / 3 3
 27  3
1/ 3
x
10 / 3
9x
 32  9
x1 / 3
br
9x 10 / 31 / 3
s
 br s
b

9 x9 / 3 Subtract.

9x3 Divide.

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 46 of 78
Geometric Problems
EXAMPLE

Consider a rectangular corral with two partitions, as shown below. Assign

letters to the outside dimensions of the corral. Write an equation expressing the
fact that the corral has a total area of 2500 square feet. Write an expression for
the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral (including both partitions).

SOLUTION
First we will assign letters to represent the dimensions of the corral.

x x x x

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 47 of 78
Geometric Problems
CONTINUED

Now we write an equation expressing the fact that the corral has a total area of 2500
square feet. Since the corral is a rectangle with outside dimensions x and y, the area of
the corral is represented by:
A  xy

Now we write an expression for the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral
(including both partitions). To determine how much fencing will be needed, we add
together the lengths of all the sides of the corral (including the partitions). This is
represented by:
F  xxxx y y
F  4x  2 y

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 48 of 78
Surface Area
EXAMPLE

Assign letters to the dimensions of the geometric box and then determine an
expression representing the volume and the surface area of the open top box.

SOLUTION
First we assign letters to represent the dimensions of the box.

y
x
Therefore, an expression that represents the volume is:
V = xyz.

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 49 of 78
Surface Area
CONTINUED

y
x

Now we determine an expression for the surface area of the box. Note, the box has 5
sides which we will call Left (L), Right (R), Front (F), Back (B), and Bottom (Bo).
We will find the area of each side, one at a time, and then add them all up.

L: yz R: yz
F: xz B: xz

Bo: xy

Therefore, an expression that represents the surface area of the box is:
S = yz + yz + xz + xz + xy = 2yz + 2xz + xy.

MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and Probability
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 50 of 78