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Data Structures & Algorithms _ Faisal's Notes (1)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of data structures, including their definitions, importance, and basic operations such as insertion, deletion, and searching. It classifies data structures into linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs), and discusses advanced structures like heaps, hash tables, and tries. Additionally, it covers sorting and searching algorithms, along with additional topics like stacks, queues, and advanced graph algorithms.

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10 views

Data Structures & Algorithms _ Faisal's Notes (1)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of data structures, including their definitions, importance, and basic operations such as insertion, deletion, and searching. It classifies data structures into linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs), and discusses advanced structures like heaps, hash tables, and tries. Additionally, it covers sorting and searching algorithms, along with additional topics like stacks, queues, and advanced graph algorithms.

Uploaded by

prince tV
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Data Structures

Faisal’s Notes For SPSC Lecturer Computer Science BPS 17

I. Introduction to Data Structures

A. Definition and Importance

Definition: Data structures are ways to organize and store data efficiently in a computer.
Importance: They are crucial for solving problems in programming by providing organized ways to access
and manipulate data.

B. Basic Operations

Basic Operations:
1. Insertion: Adding new data.
2. Deletion: Removing data.
3. Searching: Finding specific data.
4. Traversal: Moving through data elements.
5. Update: Modifying existing data.

C. Classification of Data Structures

Classification:
1. Linear: Data arranged in a sequence (like arrays, linked lists).
2. Non-linear: Data organized in non-sequential ways (like trees, graphs).

II. Linear Data Structures

A. Arrays

1. Introduction: Sequential collection of elements of the same type.


2. Operations and Complexity Analysis: Basic operations like access, insertion, deletion with time complexity
analysis.
3. Applications and Advantages: Used for static memory allocation, efficient for random access.

B. Linked Lists

1. Singly Linked Lists: Each element points to the next one.


2. Doubly Linked Lists: Each element points to both the next and the previous one.
3. Circular Linked Lists: Last element points back to the first one.
4. Operations and Complexity Analysis: Operations like insertion, deletion, traversal with time complexity
analysis.
5. Applications and Advantages: Dynamic memory allocation, efficient for insertion and deletion.
III. Non-Linear Data Structures

A. Trees

1. Introduction: Hierarchical data structure with a root and branches.


2. Binary Trees: Each node has at most two children.
3. Binary Search Trees (BST): Left child < parent < right child for each node.
4. Balanced Trees: Ensures balance for efficient operations (AVL, Red-Black Trees).
5. Tree Traversal Techniques: Methods to visit each node (in-order, pre-order, post-order).
6. Applications and Advantages: Used in file systems, database indexing for efficient search and retrieval.

B. Graphs

1. Introduction: Collection of nodes connected by edges.


2. Representation: Represented using adjacency matrix or adjacency list.
3. Graph Traversal Algorithms: BFS (Breadth-First Search), DFS (Depth-First Search).
4. Minimum Spanning Tree: Spanning tree with minimum total edge weights (Prim’s, Kruskal’s).
5. Shortest Path Algorithms: Finding the shortest path between two nodes (Dijkstra’s, Bellman-Ford).
6. Applications and Advantages: Used in network routing, social network analysis, and transportation
systems for modeling connections and relationships.

IV. Advanced Data Structures

A. Heaps

1. Introduction: Specialized tree-based data structure.


2. Min Heap and Max Heap: Ensures minimum or maximum element at the root.
3. Heap Operations: Insertion, deletion, and heapify for maintaining heap property.
4. Priority Queues: Abstract data type where elements have assigned priorities.
5. Applications and Advantages: Used in priority scheduling, Dijkstra’s algorithm for efficient shortest path
finding.

B. Hash Tables

1. Introduction to Hashing: Mapping keys to values using a hash function.


2. Hash Functions: Algorithm that converts keys into array indices.
3. Collision Resolution Techniques: Handling multiple keys hashing to the same index (Chaining, Open
Addressing).
4. Hash Table Operations: Insertion, deletion, and searching with constant-time complexity in average case.
5. Applications and Advantages: Efficient for large-scale data storage, used in databases, symbol tables, and
caches.

C. Tries

1. Introduction: Tree-like data structure used for storing a dynamic set of strings.
2. Trie Operations: Insertion, deletion, and searching for strings.
3. Applications and Advantages: Used in spell checkers, autocomplete systems, and IP routing for fast prefix
matching.
V. Sorting and Searching Algorithms

A. Sorting Algorithms

1. Bubble Sort: Repeatedly swaps adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order.
2. Selection Sort: Finds the minimum element from unsorted part and puts it at the beginning.
3. Insertion Sort: Builds the final sorted array one item at a time by shifting.
4. Merge Sort: Divides the array into smaller parts, sorts them, and then merges them.
5. Quick Sort: Picks an element as pivot and partitions the array around it.
6. Radix Sort: Sorts elements by processing individual digits.
7. Comparison of Sorting Algorithms: Analysis based on time complexity, stability, and space complexity.

B. Searching Algorithms

1. Linear Search: Iterates through each element until the target is found.
2. Binary Search: Divides the sorted array into halves until the target is found.
3. Interpolation Search: Improves binary search by estimating the position of the target.
4. Comparison of Searching Algorithms: Analysis based on time complexity, average case, and best case
scenarios.

VI. Additional Topics

A. Stack and Queue Data Structures

1. Introduction: Data structures with specific rules for adding and removing elements.
2. Operations and Implementations: Basic operations like push, pop for stacks; enqueue, dequeue for
queues.
3. Applications and Advantages: Used in algorithm implementations (e.g., backtracking, breadth-first search).

B. Self-Balancing Trees (AVL Trees, Red-Black Trees)

Balanced binary search trees that automatically adjust their structure to ensure efficiency.

C. Advanced Graph Algorithms

Techniques for analyzing and manipulating graphs beyond basic traversal, like identifying cycles or sorting.

D. Advanced Hashing Techniques

Strategies for improving hashing efficiency and reducing collisions in hash tables.

E. Disjoint Set Data Structure (Union-Find Algorithm)

Data structure to efficiently manage disjoint sets and perform union and find operations.

I created these notes to be short and precise. If you like them you can join my Whatsapp Channel

Faisal’s Notes: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaWglQgHVvTTxsiwpu17


Group: https://chat.whatsapp.com/H6cTw7430bqIJW3v6J042R

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