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A-level
CHEMISTRY
Paper 1 Inorganic and Physical Chemistry

Monday 10 June 2024 Morning Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• the Periodic Table/Data Booklet, provided as an insert (enclosed)
• a ruler with millimetre measurements Question Mark
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate. 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions. 5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
6
the box around each page or on blank pages.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 7
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 8
• All working must be shown. 9
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked. TOTAL

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 105.

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box

0 1 This question is about atomic structure.

0 1 . 1 In 1897 JJ Thomson discovered the electron. He suggested that atoms were

positively charged spheres with electrons embedded within them.

Figure 1 represents an atom using Thomson’s model.

Figure 1

Suggest the identity of this atom.

Give two differences between the modern model of an atom and the Thomson model
of an atom.
[3 marks]

Identity

Difference 1

Difference 2

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0 1 . 2 Tellurium has a relative atomic mass of 127.6 box

Iodine has a relative atomic mass of 126.9

Define relative atomic mass.

Suggest one property of tellurium that justifies its position before iodine in the
modern Periodic Table.
[3 marks]

Definition

Justification

0 1 . 3 A sample of tellurium is analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer using

electron impact ionisation.

Give an equation, including state symbols, for this ionisation.

[1 mark]

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0 1 . 4 In the TOF mass spectrometer an ion of an isotope of tellurium, with mass number y, box

travels along a 1.25 m flight tube with a kinetic energy of 1.88 x 10–12 J

The ion takes 3.00 x 10–7 s to reach the detector.

1
KE = mv2
2

KE = kinetic energy / J
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1

Calculate the mass, in g, of 1 mole of these tellurium ions.

Use your answer to suggest the mass number y of the tellurium isotope.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

[5 marks]

Mass g

Mass number y

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0 1 . 5 Tellurium has several other isotopes. box

Two of these isotopes are 126Te and 124Te

A different sample of tellurium is analysed using a TOF mass spectrometer.

Which statement about kinetic energy (KE) is correct?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The KE of 126Te+ is greater than the KE of 124Te+

The KE of 126Te+ is the same as the KE of 124Te+

The KE of 126Te+ is less than the KE of 124Te+ 13

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0 2 This question is about an experiment to determine the solubility of strontium hydroxide box

in water at 20 °C

Strontium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water. Strontium hydroxide solution reacts in

a similar way to calcium hydroxide solution.

• Some solid strontium hydroxide is added to approximately 1 dm3 of distilled water in

a stoppered flask.
• The mixture is kept at 20 °C. Every day, the mixture is checked. If no solid is
present in the flask, more solid strontium hydroxide is added.
• On the day when no more solid needs to be added, the flask is opened and the
mixture is filtered into another flask and stoppered.
• A 25.0 cm3 sample of the filtrate is transferred to a conical flask with a pipette and a
few drops of indicator added.
• This sample is titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
• The titration is repeated several times with further samples of the filtrate. The
results are shown in Table 1 on page 8.

0 2 . 1 Suggest why the solution is kept until no more solid needs to be added.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Suggest why it is important to remove the undissolved strontium hydroxide before the
titration.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 3 After the filtration, the solution is stored in a stoppered flask.

Suggest a reason for stoppering the flask.

[1 mark]

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0 2 . 4 The diagrams in Figure 2 show the part of a pipette with the graduation line. box

Which diagram identifies the pipette that is correctly filled?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Figure 2

A B C

0 2 . 5 Solubility can be quoted as ‘g of solute per 100 cm3 of solution’.

Table 1 shows the results of the titrations between strontium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid. These can be used to determine the solubility of
strontium hydroxide.

Table 1

Titration Rough 1 2 3

Final burette reading / cm3 34.40 38.00 41.05 37.00

Initial burette reading / cm3 0.00 5.55 8.05 4.60

Titre / cm3 34.40 32.45 33.00 32.40

Give the equation for the reaction between strontium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.

Use the results in Table 1 to calculate the mean titre.

Use the mean titre to calculate the solubility of strontium hydroxide, in g per 100 cm3
of solution, at 20 °C
[6 marks]

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Equation box

Mean titre cm3

10
Solubility of strontium hydroxide g per 100 cm3 solution

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0 3 This question is about aqueous ions of the metal iron. box

When an aqueous [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ion reacts with ethanedioate ions,

an iron(III) complex ion X is formed.

The only ligands in X are ethanedioate ions.

0 3 . 1 Draw the structure of X.

Include the charge.

[2 marks]

0 3 . 2 The formation of X is an example of the chelate effect.

Explain the meaning of the chelate effect.

[2 marks]

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0 3 . 3 Outline how Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction between S2O82– ions and I– ions in box

aqueous solution.

In your answer you should include

• a sketch graph to show how the concentration of S2O82– ions changes over time
• an explanation of how Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction, including equations
• an overall equation for the reaction.
[6 marks]

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0 3 . 4 A student adds dilute ammonia solution to a solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions. box

Give the formula of the precipitate that forms.

[1 mark]

0 3 . 5 The student adds sodium carbonate solution to a solution containing

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.

State one observation the student would make.

Give an equation for the reaction.

[2 marks]

Observation

Equation

0 3 . 6 A solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions changes to a yellow-brown colour after several

hours in contact with air.

The student adds sodium carbonate to the yellow-brown solution.

Give an equation for the reaction with sodium carbonate.

[1 mark]

14

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0 4 This question is about some gas mixtures at equilibrium. box

This reaction can be used to make hydrogen.

H2O(g) + CO(g) ⇌ H2(g) + CO2(g) ΔH = – 41 kJ mol–1

0 4 . 1 A mixture of 2.00 mol of H2O(g) and 2.00 mol of CO(g) is allowed to reach equilibrium
at a constant temperature in a 20 dm3 container.
At equilibrium, there are 0.92 mol of H2(g).

Calculate the mole fraction of H2(g) in the equilibrium mixture.

[2 marks]

Mole fraction of H2(g)

0 4 . 2 State why the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction has no units.
[1 mark]

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0 4 . 3 The temperature of the equilibrium mixture formed in Question 04.1 is increased. box

How does the amount of H2(g) change when the new position of equilibrium is
reached?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The amount decreases.

The amount does not change.

The amount increases.

Ethanol can be made from ethene and steam.

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH = – 45 kJ mol–1

Table 2 shows the mole fractions of each of the gases in an equilibrium mixture at
6000 kPa

Table 2

Gas Mole fraction

Ethene 0.645

Steam 0.323

Ethanol 0.0321

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0 4 . 4 Give an expression for Kp for this reaction. box

Calculate the value of Kp at 6000 kPa

State the units.

[4 marks]

Kp

Units

0 4 . 5 State the effect, if any, of an increase in volume of the container on the value of Kp for
this reaction at a constant temperature.
[1 mark]

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0 5 This question is about chlorine. box

0 5 . 1 Give an equation to show how chlorine forms an acidic solution in water.

[1 mark]

0 5 . 2 Give an equation for the reaction between chlorine and

cold, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide.
[1 mark]

0 5 . 3 In acidic conditions, ClO3– ions oxidise Cl– ions to form Cl2

Deduce a half-equation for the oxidation of Cl– to Cl2

Deduce a half-equation for the reduction of ClO3– to Cl2

Deduce the overall equation for this reaction.

[3 marks]

Half-equation for the oxidation of Cl– to Cl2

Half-equation for the reduction of ClO3– to Cl2

Overall equation

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0 5 . 4 Give the equation for the reaction of solid sodium chloride with box

concentrated sulfuric acid.

State the role of the chloride ions in this reaction.

[2 marks]

Equation

Role

0 5 . 5 Draw the shape of the Cl3– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.
[1 mark]

0 5 . 6 Chlorine forms an ion with the Group 3 element thallium (Tl).

State and explain the bond angle in TlCl2+

[2 marks]

Bond angle

Explanation

10

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0 6 This question is about vanadium ions. box

Table 3 shows some standard electrode potential values.

Table 3

Eo / V

O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → 2 H2O(l) +1.23

VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e− → VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00

VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e− → V3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34

V3+(aq) + e− → V2+(aq) –0.26

Fe2+(aq) + 2 e− → Fe(s) –0.44

Zn2+(aq) + 2 e− → Zn(s) –0.76

V2+(aq) + 2 e− → V(s) –1.20

Mg2+(aq) + 2 e− → Mg(s) –2.38

0 6 . 1 Use the data in Table 3 to explain why Zn reduces an aqueous solution of VO2+ ions
to V2+ ions, but does not reduce it any further.
[2 marks]

0 6 . 2 Identify the species in Table 3 that can reduce an aqueous solution of VO2+ to V
[1 mark]

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0 6 . 3 Two half-cells Fe2+(aq) / Fe(s) and VO2+(aq) / V3+(aq) are connected. box

Calculate the EMF of this cell.

Give the conventional representation for this cell.

Give a half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the negative electrode.
[3 marks]

EMF

Cell representation

Half-equation

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0 6 . 4 0.151 g of impure NH4VO3 is added to dilute sulfuric acid to form a solution containing box

aqueous VO2+ ions.

All the VO3– ions are converted to VO2+ ions.

These VO2+ ions are reduced to aqueous V2+ ions by reaction with an excess of zinc.

2 VO2+(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 3 Zn(s) → 3 Zn2+(aq) + 2 V2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)

The excess of zinc is removed by filtration and washed.

The filtrate, containing the V2+ ions, is titrated with a 0.0200 mol dm–3 solution of
acidified KMnO4

29.43 cm3 of KMnO4 solution are needed to oxidise all the V2+ ions to VO2+ ions.

The ionic equation for the reaction of MnO4– ions with V2+ ions is

3 MnO4–(aq) + 5 V2+(aq) + 4 H+(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + 3 Mn2+(aq) + 5 VO2+(aq)

Calculate the percentage purity of the NH4VO3

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[4 marks]

Percentage purity 10

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0 7 At 40 °C the ionic product of water, Kw = 2.92 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 box

0 7 . 1 Give the expression for Kw

Calculate the pH of pure water at 40 °C

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
[3 marks]

Kw

pH

0 7 . 2 35.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide are mixed with
20.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of hydrochloric acid.
The temperature of the solution formed is 40 °C

Calculate the pH of the solution formed.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
[5 marks]

8
pH

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0 8 This question is about enthalpy changes. box

0 8 . 1 Theoretical values for enthalpies of lattice dissociation can be calculated using a

perfect ionic model.

State the meaning of the term perfect ionic model.

[1 mark]

0 8 . 2 Enthalpies of lattice dissociation can also be obtained from Born–Haber cycles.

Figure 3 shows an incomplete Born–Haber cycle for the formation of sodium oxide.

Figure 3

Complete Figure 3 by writing formulas, including state symbols, of the appropriate

species on each of the two blank lines.
[2 marks]

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0 8 . 3 Table 4 shows some enthalpy changes. box

Table 4

Enthalpy change ΔH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of atomisation of oxygen +248

Enthalpy of atomisation of sodium +109

Enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide –416

First ionisation energy of sodium +494

First electron affinity of oxygen –142

Second electron affinity of oxygen +844

Use the data in Table 4 to calculate the enthalpy of lattice dissociation of

sodium oxide.
[2 marks]

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation kJ mol–1

0 8 . 4 Explain why the second electron affinity of oxygen has a positive value.
[1 mark]

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0 8 . 5 Explain why the enthalpy of lattice dissociation for sodium oxide is greater than the box

enthalpy of lattice dissociation for sodium chloride.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 6 Sodium chloride dissolves in water.

Table 5 shows some more enthalpy changes.

Table 5

Enthalpy change ΔH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of hydration for Cl– ions –364

Enthalpy of hydration for Na+ ions –406

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation for NaCl +771

Use the data in Table 5 to calculate the enthalpy of solution for sodium chloride.
[2 marks]

Enthalpy of solution kJ mol–1

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0 8 . 7 Give a reason why data books do not contain a value for the enthalpy of solution of box

sodium oxide.
[1 mark]

0 8 . 8 Calculate the temperature, in °C, at which this reaction becomes feasible.

1
NaCl(s) → Na(s) + Cl2(g) ΔH = +411 kJ mol–1
2
ΔS = +90.1 J K–1 mol–1
[3 marks]

14
Temperature °C

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0 9 This question is about metals and their compounds. box

0 9 . 1 State why the atomic radius of calcium is greater than the atomic radius of
magnesium.
[1 mark]

0 9 . 2 Magnesium reacts with steam.

Give an equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.

[1 mark]

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0 9 . 3 Similar-sized pieces of barium and magnesium are added to separate box

100 cm3 samples of dilute sulfuric acid. In each case the sulfuric acid is in excess.

The barium reacts quickly at first. After a few minutes the reaction stops, even though
there is still some unreacted barium in the flask.

The magnesium reacts more slowly than the barium, but the reaction continues until
all the magnesium has reacted.

Explain why

• the barium initially reacts more quickly than the magnesium

• the barium reaction stops before all the barium has reacted.
[3 marks]

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0 9 . 4 A metal nitrate X(NO3)2 completely decomposes when heated. box

2 X(NO3)2(s) → 2 XO(s) + 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)

A 0.832 g sample of X(NO3)2 decomposes on heating to produce a total of

348 cm3 of gas at 298 K and 100 kPa

Deduce the identity of metal X.

The ideal gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

[6 marks]

Identity of metal X

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0 9 . 5 Sodium reacts with aluminium and hydrogen to form solid NaAlH4 box

Give an equation for this reaction.

Suggest why NaAlH4 has a high melting point.

[3 marks]

Equation

Suggestion

0 9 . 6 Give the equation for the reaction between H3PO4 and an excess of NaOH
[1 mark]

Lithium is an important metal used in cells to power mobile phones.

0 9 . 7 In a lithium cell, a lithium cobalt oxide electrode and a lithium electrode are used.

Give the equation for the reaction that occurs at the positive electrode.
[1 mark]

0 9 . 8 Commercial electrochemical cells can be rechargeable or non-rechargeable.

State why lithium cells can be recharged.

[1 mark]

17

END OF QUESTIONS

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