### Java Topics Not Covered in Edureka Video (Based on NPTEL PDF)
---
## 1. **Java Applets**
### Definition:
Applets are small Java programs that are embedded in web pages and run in a web browser using a Java-enabled
plugin. They are used to create interactive features such as games, graphics, or animations.
### Key Features:
- Do not have a `main()` method.
- Extend `java.applet.Applet` class or `javax.swing.JApplet` for Swing-based applets.
- Run in a browser or applet viewer.
### Applet Lifecycle Methods:
1. `init()` - Called once when the applet is first loaded.
2. `start()` - Called every time the applet becomes visible.
3. `paint(Graphics g)` - Used to render output (like drawing).
4. `stop()` - Called when the applet is no longer visible.
5. `destroy()` - Called when the applet is closed/unloaded.
### Example Code:
```java
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Welcome to Applet", 20, 20);
```
### HTML to Load Applet:
```html
<applet code="HelloApplet.class" width="300" height="200"></applet>
```
---
## 2. **Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)**
### Definition:
AWT is Java's original platform-dependent GUI library. It allows creation of graphical applications with components such
as windows, buttons, text fields, etc.
### Components:
- `Frame`, `Button`, `Label`, `TextField`, `TextArea`, `Checkbox`, `Choice`, etc.
### Layout Managers:
- FlowLayout
- BorderLayout
- GridLayout
- CardLayout
### Event Handling:
- Delegation event model.
- Interfaces like `ActionListener`, `WindowListener`.
- Classes like `ActionEvent`, `WindowEvent`.
### Example:
```java
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AWTExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Frame f = new Frame("AWT Example");
Label l = new Label("Enter your name:");
TextField tf = new TextField();
Button b = new Button("Submit");
l.setBounds(50, 50, 150, 20);
tf.setBounds(50, 80, 150, 20);
b.setBounds(50, 110, 60, 30);
f.add(l); f.add(tf); f.add(b);
f.setSize(300, 200);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
```
---
## 3. **Java Servlets**
### Definition:
Servlets are server-side Java programs used to create dynamic web content. They run inside a servlet container (like
Apache Tomcat).
### Servlet Lifecycle:
1. `init()` - Initialization logic
2. `service()` - Handles client requests
3. `destroy()` - Cleanup logic
### HTTP Servlet Methods:
- `doGet()` - Handles HTTP GET requests
- `doPost()` - Handles HTTP POST requests
### Required Packages:
- `javax.servlet.*`
- `javax.servlet.http.*`
### Example:
```java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
out.println("<h1>Hello from Servlet</h1>");
```
---
## 4. **Java Networking**
### Definition:
Java supports networking through classes in the `java.net` package. It enables communication between computers over
a network using TCP/IP protocols.
### Key Classes:
- `Socket` - Used by the client to send requests to the server.
- `ServerSocket` - Waits for and accepts client connections.
- `InetAddress` - Represents an IP address.
### Client-Server Example:
#### Server:
```java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Server {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(5000);
Socket s = ss.accept();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String message = dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("Client says: " + message);
ss.close();
```
#### Client:
```java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Socket s = new Socket("localhost", 5000);
DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();
dout.close();
s.close();
}
```
