Basics of Arduino

Dr Dilip Kumar Kushwaha

Scientist
Division of Agricultural Engineering
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi
Basics of Arduino UNO
• What is IC Packaging?
• The final step in creating a semiconductor device
is integrated circuit packaging, which involves
encasing the semiconductor material block (on
which a given functional circuit is fabricated) in a
protective case to protect it from physical harm
and corrosion. There are many types of IC
packages, each having unique dimensions,
mounting styles, and pin counts.
• IC Package Types
• The most common IC package types include-
• Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
• Small Outline Package (SOP)
• Thin Small Outline Package (TSOP)
• Quad Flat Package (QFP)
• Quad Flat Package-Extended (QFP-EP)
• Quad Flat No-leads (QFN)
• Ball Grid Array (BGA)
• Micro Ball Grid Array (µBGA)
• Ceramic Ball Grid Array (CBGA)
• Plastic Ball Grid Array (PBGA)
• Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array (FBGA)
• Chip Scale Package (CSP)
• Dual Flat No-leads (DFN)
• Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)
• Small Outline Transistor (SOT)
• Small Outline Diode (SOD)
• Small Outline J-Lead (SOJ)
• Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)
• Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
• Quad Flat Package No-lead (QFN-ML)
• Ultra-Thin Quad Flat No-lead (UQFN)
• SOT-23
• SOT-223
• SOT-323
 Basics of Arduino UNO
basic details of Arduino UNO:
• Arduino UNO is a Microcontroller board designed
by Arduino.cc in Italy.
• It used Atmega328 Microcontroller which acts as a
brain of this board.
• Arduino Bootloader is installed on Atmega328 which
makes it capable to work with Arduino Programming.
• Arduino is an open-source platform so it has a lot of
support from third-party developers.
• Anyone can design its Libraries for different sensors
and modules.
 Arduino UNO Pinout
• Arduino UNO has 20 input/output pins.
• Among these 20 pins, we have 14 digital pins.
• The remaining 6 pins are analogue pins.
• It also has 6 PWM pins which are used for Pulse
Width Modulation.
• Arduino UNO supports follow 3 communication
protocols:
– Serial Protocol
– I2C Protocol
– SPI Protoco
 Arduino UNO Memory Features
• Memories are of main concern while selecting a
microcontroller for your project.
• If you have bigger data or code etc : Arduino
Mega/ SD card option
memory features:
– It has a flash memory of 32Kb.
– Arduino UNO has SRAM of 2KB.
– EEPROM memory of UNO is 1Kb.
– Bootloader of 2Kb is installed so we are left with 30kb
Flash memory.
 Arduino UNO Applications
Arduino UNO has numerous applications in our
everyday life. It's the most commonly used
Microcontroller board. Few of its working fields
are as follows:
• Embedded Systems
• Control Systems
• Robotics
• Instrumentation
• Condition Monitoring
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
• Every Arduino board needs a way to be
connected to a power source.
• The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB
cable coming from your computer or a wall
power that is terminated in a barrel jack.
• The USB connection is also how you will load
code onto your Arduino board.
• NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than
20 Volts as you will overpower (and thereby
destroy) your Arduino.
• The recommended voltage for most Arduino
models is between 6 and 12 Volts.
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog,
Digital, PWM, AREF)

• The pins on your Arduino are the places where

you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably
in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire.
• They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that
allow you to just plug a wire right into the board.
• The Arduino has several different kinds of pins,
each of which is labeled on the board and used
for different functions.
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog,
Digital, PWM, AREF)

• GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND

pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
• 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): The 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power.
• Most of the simple components used with the Arduino
run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
• Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label
(A0 through A5 on the UNO) are Analog In pins.
• These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor
(like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital
value that we can read.
 Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog,
Digital, PWM, AREF)

• Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins
(0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both
digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital
output (like powering an LED).
• PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some
of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These
pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for
something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).
• AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time
you can leave this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an
external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.
 Reset Button

• Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a

reset button (10).
• Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin
to ground and restart any code that is loaded on
the Arduino.
• This can be very useful if your code doesn’t
repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.
 Power LED Indicator

• Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO”

on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to
the word ‘ON’ (11).
• This LED should light up whenever you plug your
Arduino into a power source.
• If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance
something is wrong. Time to re-check your
circuit!
TX RX LEDs

• TX is short for transmit,

• RX is short for receive.
• These markings appear quite a bit in electronics to
indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication.
• In our case, there are two places on the Arduino
UNO where TX and RX appear -- once by digital pins
0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX
indicator LEDs (12).
• These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting
data (like when we’re loading a new program onto
the board).
 Voltage Regulator

• The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something

you can (or should) interact with on the Arduino.
• But it is potentially useful to know that it is there
and what it’s for.
• The voltage regulator does exactly what it says -- it
controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
Arduino board.
• Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your
Arduino to anything greater than 20 volts.
Main IC

• The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or

Integrated Circuit (13).
• Think of it as the brains of our Arduino.
• The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different
from board type to board type, but is usually from
the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company.
Introduction to Arduino IDE
① This area is for creating a program: When you create
a new file,
“void setup ()” and “void loop ()” are displayed.
In “void setup (),” describe the process that’s executed
only once when starting Arduino.
In “void loop (),” describe the process that’s to be
executed on repeat.
Write settings to setup () and normal processing to loop
().
Note that a message starting with “//” will be displayed,
but no problems will happen even if you delete the
memo.
• ② Program checks and errors are
displayed: If there’s a problem with the
program itself, use the messages displayed
here to find the mistake.
• ③ Check the created program: Click to check
if the created program is correct
• ④ Send the created program to Arduino: When
the program is sent, it’s executed on the Arduino,
and the electronic components can then be
controlled. The program also checks if things are
correct before transferring.
• ⑤ Create a new program: When you create a
new tab, it’ll be displayed separately.
• ⑥ Read the file
⑦ Save the program to a file
⑧ Displays data from Arduino and displays “Silaru
Monitor,” which can send commands to Arduino
⑨ When multiple programs are open, it’ll be
displayed in separate tabs
⑩ Displays a menu for tab operations such as
closing and switching tabs
• If there are no problems, transfer onto
Arduino. To transfer the program, connect
Arduino and your computer via USB