are 1.

18 Lesson: Graphs of logarithmic functi

g an
upported NOTE: The content in Unit 1, and in this speci5c lesson, is foundational for buildin
wser. remainder of this learning resource, Units 2 through 5. However, since it is basica
se see
not be directly assessed on your high-stakes exam.
ems
irements Lesson introduction
e
a list We have seen how creating a graphical representation of an exponential model give
How do logarithmic graphs give us insight into situations? Because every logarithm
pported function, we can think of every output on a logarithmic graph as the input for the co
wsers. words, logarithms give the cause for an effect.

To illustrate, suppose we invest $2500 $2500 in an account that offers an annual in

already know that the balance in our account for any year t t can be found with the e

But what if we wanted to know the year for any balance? We would need to create a
and the output; thus we would need to create a logarithmic model for this situation.
any input (account balance). For instance, what if we wanted to know how many ye
The Fgure below shows this point on the logarithmic graph.

Account balance over time.

In this lesson we will discuss the values for which a logarithmic function is deFned,
logarithmic functions.
Finding the domain of a logarithmic function

Before working with graphs, we will take a look at the domain (the set of input value

Recall that the exponential function is deFned as y = bx y = b x for any real number

The domain of y y is (−∞, ∞) . (− ∞, ∞).

The range of y y is (0, ∞) . (0, ∞).

In the last lesson we learned that the logarithmic function y = logb (x) y = log b(x)
y = b x. So, as inverse functions:

The domain of y = logb (x) y = log b(x) is the range of y = bx : y = bx : (0,

The range of y = logb (x) y = log b(x) is the domain of y = bx : y = b x : (−

Transformations of the parent function y = logb (x) y = log b(x) behave similarly to
functions, we can apply the four types of transformations-shifts, stretches, compres
loss of shape.

We have seen that certain transformations can change the range of y = bx . y = b x

function y = logb (x) y = log b(x) can change the domain. When Fnding the domain
remember that the domain consists only of positive real numbers. That is, the argum
zero.

For example, consider f (x) = log4 (2x − 3) . f(x) = log 4(2x − 3). This function is
this case 2x − 3, 2x − 3, is greater than zero. To Fnd the domain, we set up an ineq

2x − 3 > 0 Show the argument greater than zero.2x − 3 > 0

2x > 3 Add 3. 2x > 3

x > 1.5 Divide by 2. x > 1.5

In interval notation, the domain of f (x) = log4 (2x − 3) f(x) = log 4(2x − 3) is (1.5

How to

Given a logarithmic function, identify the domain

1. Set up an inequality showing the argumen

2. Solve for x. x.
3. Write the domain in interval notation.
Identifying the domain of a logarithmic function.
What is the domain of f (x) = log2 (x + 3)? f(x) = log 2(x + 3

Solution

The logarithmic function is de;ned only when the input is pos

when x + 3 > 0. x + 3 > 0. Solving this inequality,

x+3>0 The input mus

x > −3 Subtract 3.

x+3>0 The input must be

x> −3 Subtract 3.

The domain of f (x) = log2 (x + 3) f(x) = log 2(x + 3) is (−3

Identifying the domain of a logarithmic shift and re
What is the domain of f (x) = log(5 − 2x)? f(x) = log(5 − 2

Solution

The logarithmic function is de;ned only when the input is pos

when 5 − 2x > 0. 5 - 2x > 0. Solving this inequality,

5 − 2x > 0 The input must be po

− 2x > −5 Subtract 5.
5
x< 2 Divide by − 2 and s

5 − 2x > 0 The input must be positiv

− 2x > − 5 Subtract 5.
5
x< Divide by − 2 and switch
2

The domain of f (x) = log(5 − 2x) f(x) = log(5 − 2x) is (−

(
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.1: Domain and range of logarithmic functio

1) The domain of y = ln x y = lnx is

(−∞, ∞) ( − ∞, ∞). Correct
The argument of a logar
True
Thus, the domain should
False (−∞, ∞) ( − ∞, ∞).

2) The range of y = ln x y = lnx is

(−∞, ∞) ( − ∞, ∞). Correct
The logarithm of a numb
True
the range is (−∞, ∞) (
False
 3) The domain of y = log x + 1
y = logx + 1 is (0, ∞) (0, ∞). Correct
The argument of log log
True
False

4) The domain of y = log(x + 1) + 1

y = log(x + 1) + 1 is (0, ∞) (0, ∞). Correct
Since the argumen
True
x + 1x + 1 must be
False must be greater th
be (−1, ∞) instea

Graphing logarithmic functions

Now that we have a feel for the set of values for which a logarithmic function is deF
family of logarithmic functions includes the parent function y = logb (x) along wit
compressions, and reOections.

We begin with the parent function y = logb (x) . Because every logarithmic functio
with the form y = bx , their graphs will be reOections of each other across the line y
between the input and output values of y = 2x and its equivalent x = log2 (y) in th

Comparing exponential and logarithm

x −3 −2 −1 0

2x = y 1
8
1
4
1
2
1

log2 (y) = x −3 −2 −1 0

Using the inputs and outputs from the table above, we can build another table to ob
the inverse functions f (x) = 2x and g(x) = log2 (x). .
 Ordered pairs for exponential and logarithmic func

f (x) = 2x (−3, 8 ) (−2, 4 ) (−1, 2 ) (0

1 1 1

g(x) = log2 (x) ( 18 , −3) ( 14 , −2) ( 12 , −1) (1

As we'd expect, the x- and y-coordinates are reversed for the inverse functions. The

The base-two exponential and logarit

functions.

Observe the following from the graph:

f (x) = 2x has a y-intercept at (0, 1) and g(x) = log2 (x) has an x- intercep
The domain of f (x) = 2x , (−∞, ∞) , is the same as the range of g(x) = lo
The range of f (x) = 2x , (0, ∞) , is the same as the domain of g(x) = log2
Characteristics of the graph of the parent function

For any real number x and constant b > 0,b ≠ 1, we can s

in the graph of f (x) = logb (x) :

one-to-one function
vertical asymptote: x = 0
domain: (0, ∞)
range: (−∞, ∞)
x-intercept: (1, 0) and key point (b, 1)
y-intercept: none
increasing if b > 1
decreasing if 0 < b < 1

The graph below shows the two cases for graphs of logarith

The graph shows how changing the base b in f (x) = logb (

Observe that the graphs compress vertically as the value of t
that the function ln (x) has base e ≈ 2. 718.)
How to

Given a logarithmic function with the form f (x) = logb (x)

1. Draw and label the vertical asymptote, x = 0.
2. Plot the x-intercept, (1, 0) .
3. Plot the key point (b, 1) .
4. Draw a smooth curve through the points.
5. State the domain, (0, ∞) ,the range, (−∞,∞) , and

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.2: Graphing logarithmic functions.

1 2 3 2x speed
Graph and properties of f (x) =
Table

A table of values is generated using input valu

Graphing a logarithmic function.
Graph f (x) = log5 (x) . State the domain, range, and asymp

Solution

Before graphing, identify the behavior and key points for the g

Since b = 5 is greater than one, we know the function i

graph will approach the vertical asymptote x = 0, and
without bound.
The x-intercept is (1, 0) .
The key point (5, 1) is on the graph.
We draw and label the asymptote, plot and label the poin
through the points.

The domain is (0, ∞) , the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the ver

Graphing a logarithmic function.
Graph f (x) = log 1 (x). State the domain, range, and as
5

Solution

The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.3: Graphs of logarithmic functions.
Match each logarithmic function with the appropriate graph.

y = log4 x
If b > 0 , the graph of y
Graph B increasing function that
since logb b = 1 for all
graph of y = log4 x sho
(4, 1).

y = log x
Graph C The base of log is assum
given. The graph of y =
through (10, 1) .

y = ln x
Graph A The base of ln is e , whic
2.71828 . Thus, the grap
pass through (2.71828
 y = log1/2 x
If 0 < b < 1, the graph
Graph D decreasing rather than in
with b > 0 , the graph of
through (0.5, 1) .

Graphing transformations of logarithmic functions

As we mentioned in the beginning of the lesson, transformations of logarithmic grap

We can shift, stretch, compress, and reOect the parent function y = logb (x) witho

Graphing a horizontal shift of f (x) = logb (x)

When a constant c is added to the input of the parent function f (x) = logb (x), the
direction of the sign on c. To visualize horizontal shifts, we can observe the general
c > 0 alongside the shift left, g(x) = logb (x + c) , and the shift right, h(x) = lo

Horizontal transformations of a logarithmic functio

Horizontal shifts of the parent function y = logb (x

For any constant c,the function f (x) = logb (x

shifts the parent function y = logb (x) le
shifts the parent function y = logb (x) ri
has the vertical asymptote x = −c.
has domain (−c, ∞) .
has range (−∞, ∞) .

How to

Given a logarithmic function with the form f (x) = logb (x +

1. Identify the horizontal shift:
1. If c > 0, shift the graph of f (x) = logb (x) left c
2. If c < 0, shift the graph of f (x) = logb (x) right
2. Draw the vertical asymptote x = −c.
3. Identify three key points from the parent function. Find
functions by subtracting c from the x coordinate.
4. Label the three points.
5. The domain is (−c, ∞) , the range is (−∞, ∞) , and
x = −c.
Graphing a horizontal shift of a logarithmic functio
Sketch the horizontal shift f (x) = log3 (x − 2) alongside its
points and asymptotes on the graph. State the domain, range

Solution

Since the function is f (x) = log3 (x − 2), we notice x + (−

Thus c = −2, so c < 0. This means we will shift the function
The vertical asymptote is x = −(−2) or x = 2.
( 3, −
1
Consider the three key points from the parent function,

The new coordinates are found by adding 2 to the x coordinat

( 3 , −1) ,(3, 0) , and (5, 1) .

7
Label the points

The domain is (2, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the verti

Graphing a horizontal shift of a logarithmic functio
Sketch a graph of f (x) = log3 (x + 4) alongside its parent fu
and asymptotes on the graph. State the domain, range, and as

Solution

The domain is (−4, ∞) ,the range (−∞, ∞) , and the asym

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.4: Identifying horizontal shifts.

Select the equation that matches each graph.

 1)
Correct
This equation correctly d
graph of y = ln x two u
subtracted from each va
function.

y = ln(x − 2)
y = ln(x + 2)
y = ln x + 2
2)
Correct
This equation correctly d
graph of y = log x one
added to each value of x

y = log(x − 1)
y = log x + 1
y = log(x + 1)

Graphing a vertical shift of y = logb (x)

When a constant d is added to the parent function f (x) = logb (x) , the result is a v
visualize vertical shifts, we can observe the general graph of the parent function f (x
g(x) = logb (x) + d and the shift down, h(x) = logb (x) − d. See the Fgure belo
Vertical transformations of a logarithmic function.

Vertical shifts of the logarithmic function.

For any constant d, the function f (x) = logb (x

shifts the parent function y = logb (x) up
shifts the parent function y = logb (x) do
has the vertical asymptote x = 0.
has domain (0, ∞) .
has range (−∞, ∞) .
How to

Given a logarithmic function with the form f (x) = logb (x) +

1. Identify the vertical shift:
If d > 0, shift the graph of f (x) = logb (x) up d
If d < 0, shift the graph of f (x) = logb (x)down
2. Draw the vertical asymptote x = 0.
3. Identify three key points from the parent function. Find
functions by adding d to the y coordinate.
4. Label the three points.
5. The domain is (0,∞) ,the range is (−∞,∞) , and the

Graphing a vertical shift of a logarithmic function.

Sketch a graph of f (x) = log3 (x) − 2 alongside its parent fu
and asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asy

Solution

Since the function is f (x) = log3 (x) − 2,we will notice d =

This means we will shift the function f (x) = log3 (x) down 2
The vertical asymptote is x = 0.
( 3, −
1
Consider the three key points from the parent function,

The new coordinates are found by subtracting 2 from the y co

( 3 , −3) ,(1, −2) , and (3, −1) .

1
Label the points

The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the vert

The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the verti
Graphing a vertical shift of a logarithmic function.
Sketch a graph of f (x) = log2 (x) + 2 alongside its parent fu
and asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asy

Solution

The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the verti

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.5: Identifying vertical shifts.

Select the equation that matches each graph.

 1)
Correct
This equation correctly d
graph of y = ln x up thr
each y -value.

y = ln x − 3
y = ln x
y = ln x + 3
2)
Correct
This equation correctly d
graph of y = log x dow
subtracted from each y -

y = log x + 2
y = log x − 2
y = log x

Graphing stretches and compressions of logarithmic functions.

When the parent function f (x) = logb (x) is multiplied by a constant a > 0, the re
graph. To visualize stretches and compressions, we set a > 1 and observe the gen
f (x) = logb (x) alongside the vertical stretch, g(x) = alogb (x) and the vertical
Vertical stretch and compression of a logarithmic f

Vertical stretches and compressions of the parent

For any constant a > 1,the function f (x) = alogb (x)

stretches the parent function y = logb (x) vertically b
compresses the parent function y = logb (x) vertica
has the vertical asymptote x = 0.
has the x-intercept (1, 0) .
has domain (0, ∞) .
has range (−∞, ∞) .
How to

Given a logarithmic function with the form f (x) = alogb (x)

1. Identify the vertical stretch or compressions:
If |a| > 1, the graph of f (x) = logb (x) is stretc
If |a| < 1, the graph of f (x) = logb (x) is comp
2. Draw the vertical asymptote x = 0.
3. Identify three key points from the parent function. Find
functions by multiplying the y coordinates by a.
4. Label the three points.
5. The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and th
Graphing a stretch of a logarithmic function.
Sketch a graph of f (x) = 2log4 (x) alongside its parent funct
asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asympt

Solution

Since the function is f (x) = 2log4 (x),we will notice a = 2.

This means we will stretch the function f (x) = log4 (x) by a
The vertical asymptote is x = 0.
( 4, −
1
Consider the three key points from the parent function,

The new coordinates are found by multiplying the y coordinat

( 4 , −2) ,(1, 0) , and (4, 2) .

1
Label the points

The domain is (0, ∞) , the range is (−∞, ∞ ), and the ver

The domain is (0, ∞) , the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the ver

Graphing a compression of a logarithmic function.

Sketch a graph of f (x) = 12 log4 (x) alongside its parent func

asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asympt

Solution

The domain is (0, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the verti

Combining a shift and a stretch
Sketch a graph of f (x) = 5 log(x + 2). State the domain, r

Solution

Remember: what happens inside parentheses happens ;rst. F

units, then stretch the function vertically by a factor of 5, as in
vertical asymptote will be shifted to x = −2. The x-intercept
be (−2, ∞) . Two points will help give the shape of the grap
chose x = 8 as the x-coordinate of one point to graph becau
x = 8, x + 2 = 10, the base of the common logarithm.

The domain is (−2, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the ve

Combing shifts and a stretch.
Sketch a graph of the function f (x) = 3 log(x − 2) + 1. St
asymptote.

Solution

The domain is (2, ∞) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the verti

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.18.6: Stretch and compression of a logarithmic
 Given the graph of log3 x above, match graphs A-C with the app
log3 x .

Graph A

y = 2 log3 x The graph of y = 2 log3

y = log3 x by a factor o
remains at x = 0 .

Graph B
1 1
y= log3 x The graph of y = log
2 2
of y = log3 x by a facto

Graph C

y = log3 (x − 2) The graph of y = log3 (

stretch nor a compressi
translation of y = log3

Graphing reTections of logarithmic functions.

When the parent function f (x) = logb (x) is multiplied by −1,the result is a reOect
−1,the result is a reOection about the y-axis. To visualize reOections, we restrict b >
function f (x) = logb (x) alongside the reOection about the x-axis, g(x) = −logb
h(x) = logb (−x) .
ReOections of logarithmic functions.

ReOections of the parent function y = logb (x)

The function f (x) = −logb (x)

reOects the parent function y = logb (x) about the x-
has domain, (0, ∞) , range, (−∞, ∞) , and vertical
unchanged from the parent function.

The function f (x) = logb (−x)

reOects the parent function y = logb (x) about the y-
has domain (−∞, 0) .
has range, (−∞, ∞) , and vertical asymptote, x = 0,
parent function.
How to

Given a logarithmic function with the parent function f (x) =

If f (x) = −logb (x) I

1. Draw the vertical asymptote, x = 0. 1. Draw th

2. Plot the x-intercept, (1, 0) . 2. Plot the

3. ReOect the graph of the parent 3. ReOect

function f (x) = logb (x) about the functio
x-axis. axis.

4. Draw a smooth curve through the 4. Draw a

points. points.

5. State the domain, (0, ∞) , the 5. State th

range, (−∞, ∞) , and the vertical range,
asymptote x = 0. asympt
Graphing a reOection of a logarithmic function
Sketch a graph of f (x) = log(−x) alongside its parent funct
asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asympt

Solution

Before graphing f (x) = log(−x), identify the behavior and ke

Since b = 10 is greater than one, we know that the par
the input value is multiplied by −1,f is a reKection of th
Thus, f (x) = log(−x) will be decreasing as x moves fr
the right tail of the graph will approach the vertical asym
The x-intercept is (−1, 0) .
We draw and label the asymptote, plot and label the poin
through the points.

The domain is (−∞, 0) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the ve

Graphing two reOections of a logarithmic function.
Graph f (x) = − log(−x). State the domain, range, and a

Solution

The domain is (−∞, 0) ,the range is (−∞, ∞) , and the

How to

Given a logarithmic equation, use a graphing calculator to app

1. Press [Y=]. Enter the given logarithm equation or equat

2. Press [GRAPH] to observe the graphs of the curves and
appropriate view of the graphs, including their point(s)
3. To Fnd the value of x, we compute the point of intersec
Select "intersect" and press [ENTER] three times. The p
value of x,for the point(s) of intersection.

1.18.7: ReOections of ln x across the axes.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1) Which function gives the
reOection of y = ln x across the Correct

x-axis? The graph of y = − ln x

ln x about the x -axis.
y = − ln(−x)
y = − ln x
y = ln(−x)

2) What are the domain and range

of the reOection of ln x across Correct

the x-axis? The argument of − ln x

is (0, ∞) . Since − ln x c
Domain: (0, ∞) is (−∞, ∞) .
Range: (−∞, ∞)
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞)
Domain: (−∞, 0)
Range: (0, ∞)

3) What is the asymptote of the

reOection of y = ln x across the Correct

x-axis? As x → 0 , the value of y

bound. Therefore, the as
x=0
y=0
y=x
4) Which expression gives the
reOection of y = ln x across the Correct

y-axis? The graph of ln(−x) is t

y = ln x about the y -ax
y = − ln x
y = − ln(−x)
y = ln(−x)

5) What are the domain and range

of the reOection of y = ln x Correct

across the y-axis? The argument of ln(−x)

must be (−∞, 0) to ens
Domain: (−∞, ∞) ln(−x) can take on any
Range: (−∞, ∞)
Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
Domain: (−∞, 0)
Range: (−∞, ∞)

6) What is the asymptote of the

reOection of y = ln x across the Correct

y-axis? As x → 0 , the value of y

bound. Therefore, the as
y=0 x = 0.
x=0
y=x
 Approximating the solution of a logarithmic equatio
Solve 4 ln (x) + 1 = −2 ln (x − 1) graphically. Round to t

Solution

Press [Y=] and enter 4 ln (x) + 1 next to Y1=. Then enter −

window, use the values 0 to 5 for x and −10 to 10 for y. Pre
intersect somewhere a little to right of x = 1.

For a better approximation, press [2ND] then [CALC]. Select [5

three times. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection is di
answer may be different if you use a different window or use a
to the nearest thousandth, x ≈ 1.339.

Approximating the solution of a logarithmic equatio

Solve 5 log (x + 2) = 4 − log (x) graphically. Round

Solution

x ≈ 3.049

Summarizing translations of the logarithmic function

Now that we have worked with each type of translation for the logarithmic function,
the general equation for translating exponential functions.
Summary of transformation of logarithmic function

Translations of the parent function y =

Translation

Shift

Horizontally c units to the left y = lo

Vertically d units up

Stretch and compress

Stretch if |a| > 1 y = al

Compression if |a| < 1

ReKect about the x-axis y = −l

ReKect about the y-axis y = lo
General equation for all translations y = al

Translations of logarithmic functions

All translations of the parent logarithmic function, y =l

f (x) = alogb (x + c) + d
where the parent function, y = logb (x) , b > 1, is

shifted vertically up d units.

shifted horizontally to the left c units.
stretched vertically by a factor of |a| if |a| > 0.
compressed vertically by a factor of |a| if 0 < |a
reOected about the x-axis when a < 0.

For f (x) = log (−x) , the graph of the parent function

Finding the vertical asymptote of a logarithm graph
What is the vertical asymptote of f (x) = −2log3 (x + 4) +

Solution

The vertical asymptote is at x = −4.

Analysis

The coeYcient, the base, and the upward translation do not af

the curve 4 units to the left shifts the vertical asymptote to x

Finding the equation from a graph

Find a possible equation for the common logarithmic function

Solution

This graph has a vertical asymptote at x = −2 and has been

know yet the vertical shift or the vertical stretch. We know so
form:

f (x) = −a log(x + 2) +
It appears the graph passes through the points (−1, 1) and
(−1, 1) ,
 1 = −a log(−1 + 2) + k Subs
1 = −a log(1) + k Arith
1=k log(1
Next, substituting in (2, −1) ,

−1 = −a log(2 + 2) + 1 Plug
−2 = −a log(4) Arith
2
a= log(4)
Solv
2
This gives us the equation f (x) = − log(4) log(x + 2) + 1.

Analysis

We can verify this answer by comparing the function values in

on the graph above.

x −1 0 1 2

f (x) 1 0 −0.58496 −1

x 4 5 6 7

f (x) −1.5850 −1.8074 −2 −2.1

Is it possible to tell the domain and range and describe the en

looking at the graph?

Yes, if we know the function is a general logarithmic function.

the previous example. The graph approaches x = −3 (or the
so x = −3 is, or is very close to, the vertical asymptote. It ap
domain is all points to the right, {x | x > −3}. The range, as
functions, is all real numbers. And we can see the end behavio
as it goes left and up as it goes right. The end behavior is that
x → −3+ , f (x) → −∞ and as x → ∞, f (x) → ∞.
 1.18.8: Combining transformations of ln x .
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY

Match each transformation of the graph of y = ln x above to th

Graph A
Relative to the graph of
1 1
y = ln(x + 2) + 3 y= ln(x + 2) + 3 is
2 2
factor of 2 and translate
units to the left.

Graph B

y = ln(−x) − 3 Relative to the graph of

y = ln(−x) − 3 is reOe
and translated 3 units do
 Graph C
Relative to the graph of
y = −2 ln x + 1 y = −2 ln x + 1 is reOe
stretched by a factor of
unit up.

Lesson exercises

Algebraic

For the following exercises, state the domain and range of the function.

Exercise 1.18.1

(a) f (x) = log3 (x + 4)

Solution !
Domain: (−4, ∞) ; Range: (−∞, ∞)

Exercise 1.18.2

(a) h(x) = ln ( 12 − x)
Solution !
(−∞, 2 ) ;
1
Domain: Range: (−∞, ∞)

For the following exercises, state the domain, vertical asymptote, and end behavior
 Exercise 1.18.3

(a) f (x) = ln (2 − x)
Solution !
Domain: (−∞, 2) ; Vertical asymptote: x = 2; End behavi
as x → −∞, f (x) → ∞ .

Exercise 1.18.4

(a) f (x) = log (x − 37 )

Solution !
Domain: ( 37 , ∞) ; Vertical asymptote: x 3
= 7 ; End behavio
as x → ∞, f (x) → ∞

For the following exercises, state the domain, range, and x- and y-intercepts, if they

Exercise 1.18.5

(a) h(x) = log4 (x − 1) + 1

Solution !
Domain: (1, ∞) ;
Range: (−∞, ∞) ;
Vertical asymptote: x = 1;
x-intercept: ( 54 , 0) ;
y-intercept: DNE
 Exercise 1.18.6

(a) f (x) = log (5x + 10) + 3

Solution !
Domain: (−2, ∞)

Range: (−∞, ∞)

x-intercept: (−1.9998, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 4)

Lesson summary

Before moving on, take a last moment to think about what you've learned in this less

You can Fnd the domain of a logarithm by setting the argument of the logarith
Graphing logarithms is easier if you Fnd the domain Frst. Then you can graph
logarithm.
Logarithms are affected by horizontal/vertical shifts, compressions, stretches
help you quickly sketch a graph of the logarithm you're working with.

Loading...