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    Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture

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    Edmund Chui
    Indian architecture has evolved over thousands of years, incorporating influences from various invading cultures while retaining core principles. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced urban planning techniques. Brahmin priests established principles of sacred geometry and proportion based on squares and mandalas. Buddhist architecture like the stupas at Sanchi were built during Ashoka's reign. Hindu temples developed distinct features like the shikhara, mandapa and garbha-griha. Islamic invaders introduced mosques and tombs with emphasis on light, clarity and prayer. The Mughal period saw a synthesis of Islamic and Indian styles producing grand monuments combining aesthetics. Regional variations also emerged across South Asia reflecting local cultures and environments.

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    Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Edmund Chui
    98 views17 pages
    Indian architecture has evolved over thousands of years, incorporating influences from various invading cultures while retaining core principles. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced urban planning techniques. Brahmin priests established principles of sacred geometry and proportion based on squares and mandalas. Buddhist architecture like the stupas at Sanchi were built during Ashoka's reign. Hindu temples developed distinct features like the shikhara, mandapa and garbha-griha. Islamic invaders introduced mosques and tombs with emphasis on light, clarity and prayer. The Mughal period saw a synthesis of Islamic and Indian styles producing grand monuments combining aesthetics. Regional variations also emerged across South Asia reflecting local cultures and environments.

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    Indian architecture has evolved over thousands of years, incorporating influences from various invading cultures while retaining core principles. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced urban planning techniques. Brahmin priests established principles of sacred geometry and proportion based on squares and mandalas. Buddhist architecture like the stupas at Sanchi were built during Ashoka's reign. Hindu temples developed distinct features like the shikhara, mandapa and garbha-griha. Islamic invaders introduced mosques and tombs with emphasis on light, clarity and prayer. The Mughal period saw a synthesis of Islamic and Indian styles producing grand monuments combining aesthetics. Regional variations also emerged across South Asia reflecting local cultures and environments.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    98 views17 pages

    Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture Indian Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Edmund Chui
    Indian architecture has evolved over thousands of years, incorporating influences from various invading cultures while retaining core principles. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced urban planning techniques. Brahmin priests established principles of sacred geometry and proportion based on squares and mandalas. Buddhist architecture like the stupas at Sanchi were built during Ashoka's reign. Hindu temples developed distinct features like the shikhara, mandapa and garbha-griha. Islamic invaders introduced mosques and tombs with emphasis on light, clarity and prayer. The Mughal period saw a synthesis of Islamic and Indian styles producing grand monuments combining aesthetics. Regional variations also emerged across South Asia reflecting local cultures and environments.

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    INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

    Indian architectural order


    Theories and Principles

    Brahmins Principles of construction


    square Human figure basis of proportion mandala

    Senis

    Hindu temples

    History of India
    Indus valley Buddhist influence civilizations Hindu temples Islamic influence Mughal empire

    Brahmins
    No central political authority-filled by the priestly Assumed power-almost every aspect of life By cash or others Vastushastra was sometimes more of a hindrance than a help to the craftsmen.

    Senis
    Created beauty simply by plasticity Traditional knowledge was passed on TEMPLE- more than one generation of master cutters and masons- settle around the building site for years. regional variations introduced for the building of a particular temple

    Vastushastra

    Principles of construction

    circle

    NO beginning & end Buddhists Stupas too dynamic for the GODS Gods-in buildings symbolizing unity, inertia and permanence

    square

    Square Mandala

    Brahma-the creator

    lesser gods

    Subdivided into smaller squares in a grid-64 or 81 most common

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    Humanistic faade-given to the square able to accommodate a figure in a convoluted yogic posture. Human figure - basis of a system of proportion European Renaissance by Leonardo de Vinci Le Corbusier Modulor system of measurement Complex of forms with their basic unit remaining the square Basic grid for the greatest temples of India

    HARRAPPA, INDUS VALLEY

    Complex urban planning-Romans achieved 2500 years later Mohenjo-daro and Harappa Representative that planning principles found here are followed practically without change at all other sites Harappan house suited to the climate Advanced drainage system (INDUS RIVER) Left nothing monumental for posterity to marvel at Principles and response of the architecture to climate are a lesson to us all Peaceful life- bred a sense of complacency Aryan invaders encountered little or no resistance. City after city fell & the pathetic remains were either assimilated into the conquerors' way of life or fled further south

    Buddhist influence
    (500 BC) Vedic society was slowly stratifying into a rigid class system Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas & Shudras Priestly class-gradually assuming dominance over society with a tenacious grasp over tedious rituals that controlled every aspect of life Added a superfluous complication to the busy life 2 major reformers-Gautama and Mahavira Based loosely on existing Hindu precepts but denying the role of the priests as media between Man and God. Buddhism held that only the soul was of import - God was a metaphysical Ashoka the Great. Ashoka proclaimed Buddhism as the state religion

    Sanchi - the center of the Heavens


    After Ashoka, by 200 B.C., Buddhisms popularity was on the wane Brahmanism regained Buddhist monks retired from urban conglomerates to secluded spots, where they built their places of worship and in general led a life of meditation Mercantile class helped Craftsmen labored for over a 100 years to make Sanchi a point of pilgrimage for devoted Buddhists and scholars from all over Asia for centuries.

    Principal architectural features of a temple

    SHIKHARA

    MANDAPA

    VIMANA

    garbha-griha

    The Islamic Influence


    Superior tactics & weaponry & infighting amongst Hindu princedoms made the forces of Islam irresistible New Muslim rulers feverishly start building activity as another sign of their missionary zeal Pre-eminence of prayer that dominates much religious architecture in Islam

    SLAVE 1192AD1246AD

    KHILJI 12901320AD

    TUGHLAQ 13201413AD

    SAYYID 14141444AD

    LODI 14511557AD MUGHALS 15261857

    Constraints a mosque-form begins to evolve Second major religious building type was the tomb

    Need for strong fortifications Developments in the West - influence Holy Land - the Middle East Defensive forts developed into cities in which a large number of other structures were built - wells, palaces, stables and halls of audience Benefited from the other's knowledge Evolved new style of architecture - Persian in inspiration but Indian in execution

    TEMPLES
    Mysterious Encloses Phantasma of Darkness Rhythmic

    MOSQUE
    Clarity Inviting publicly Light & air Formal

    MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
    Mughal dynasty established with the crushing victory of Babur at Panipat (15261857) Combined elements of Islamic art and architecture, which had been introduced to India during the Delhi Sultanate (11921398) Secure framework to flourish & commanded wealth & resources unparalleled in Indian history Mughal rulers themselves were extraordinary patrons of art, whose intellectual calibre and cultural outlook was expressed in the most refined taste. Qutb Minar - Persian art and architecture Monuments are found chiefly in Northern India-many remains in Pakistan

    CONCLUSION
    Indian architecture as it stands today is a pluralistic body of production that cannot in all justice be exemplified by the approaches, buildings and architects cited above.

    THE END

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