Programming Languages

When choosing a language to specialize in with machine learning, you may want to consider the
skills listed on current job advertisements as well as libraries available in various languages that
can be used for machine learning processes.
From data taken from job ads on indeed.com in December 2016, it can be inferred that Python is
the most sought-for programming language in the machine learning professional field. Python is
followed by Java, then R, then C++.
Python’s popularity may be due to the increased development of deep learning frameworks
available for this language recently, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Keras. As a language
that has readable syntax and the ability to be used as a scripting language, Python proves to be
powerful and straightforward both for preprocessing data and working with data directly. The
scikit-learn machine learning library is built on top of several existing Python packages that
Python developers may already be familiar with, namely NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib.
To get started with Python, you can read our tutorial series on “How To Code in Python 3,” or
read specifically on “How To Build a Machine Learning Classifier in Python with scikit-learn” or
“How To Perform Neural Style Transfer with Python 3 and PyTorch.

Department of MCA, NECN Page | 2

Python is developed by Guido van Rossum. Guido van Rossum started implementing Python in
1989. Python is a very simple programming language so even if you are new to programming, you
can learn python without facing any issues.

Python is a high-level, object-oriented programming language used in coding, created by Guido

van Rossum in 1991.[1] Python puts readability at a high standard and this makes it great for both
programmers and non-programmers to learn. Python is cross-platform, which means you can run
it on all major platforms like Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. Python is open source
software and, as a result, has a large community of developers who help improve and contribute to
the language. Currently, the main implementation of Python, CPython, is managed by the Python
Software Foundation, a non-profit organization working to develop and maintain the Python
standards.
Python gives you the ability to rapidly develop projects, while being able to maintain them at the
same time. Python usually uses less lines of codes than other object-oriented languages, like C++
 and Java, and it has a simple and easy syntax. A simple "Hello, world!" can be done with just one
line of code (actually this is called a command) and only four lines when recreating it as a GUI!
Features of Python programming language

Readable: Python is a very readable language.

Easy to Learn: Learning python is easy as this is a expressive and high level programming
language, which means it is easy to understand the language and thus easy to learn.

Cross platform: Python is available and can run on various operating systems such as Mac,
Windows, Linux, Unix etc. This makes it a cross platform and portable language.

Open Source: Python is a open source programming language.

Large standard library: Python comes with a large standard library that has some handy codes
and functions which we can use while writing code in Python.

Free: Python is free to download and use. This means you can download it for free and use it in
your application.Python is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software), which
means you can freely distribute copies of this software, read its source code and modify it.

Supports exception handling: If you are new, you may wonder what is an exception? An
exception is an event that can occur during program exception and can disrupt the normal flow of
program. Python supports exception handling which means we can write less error prone code and
can test various scenarios that can cause an exception later on.
Advanced features: Supports generators and list comprehensions. We will cover these features later.

Automatic memory management: Python supports automatic memory management which

means the memory is cleared and freed automatically. You do not have to bother clearing the
memory.

Python installation process

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or
any other web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Python official website

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating

system.Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

 python version 3.7.4
Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in
Yellow Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to
their version. Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for windows
3.7.4

download version
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.
 python 3.7.4 setup

● To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer
or Windows x86 web-based installer.
● To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable
installer or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.

Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part
regarding which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move
ahead with the second part in installing python i.e., Installation

Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on
the Release Note Option.

Installation of Python

Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.
 downloaded open python version
Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to
PATH.

system specific version selection

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.
 setup completed
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully
and correctly installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Verify the Python installation

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and
pressEnter.
 Verifying version of Python installed

Feasibility
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are,
• ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
• SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

● Economical Feasibility

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of
the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

● TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement,
as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

● SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to
make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make
some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
DATA SPLITTING

In the dataset splitting phase for IoT-based data fusion for environmental condition
classification using AI models, the process involves dividing the dataset into three distinct
subsets: training, validation, and testing. Each subset plays a crucial role in ensuring the AI
model's effectiveness and reliability in classifying environmental conditions accurately.

Training Set:

The training set comprises the largest portion of the dataset and serves as the primary data
source for teaching the AI model.
During training, the model learns from the environmental data collected.

DATA SPLITTING

In the dataset splitting phase for IoT-based data fusion for environmental
condition classification using AI models, the process involves dividing the dataset
into three distinct subsets: training, validation, and testing. Each subset plays a
crucial role in ensuring the AI model's effectiveness and reliability in classifying
environmental conditions accurately.

Training Set:

▪ The training set comprises the largest portion of the dataset

and serves as the primary data source for teaching the AI
model.

▪ During training, the model learns from the environmental data collected

Validation Set:
▪ The validation set is a smaller subset of the dataset used to
fine-tune the AI model's parameters and assess its performance.

▪ After training the model, it is evaluated using the validation set

to ensure it generalizes well to unseen data.
 Testing Set:

▪ The testing set is an entirely independent subset of the dataset,

reserved for the final evaluation of the AI model's
performance.

▪ This subset provides an unbiased assessment of the model's

ability to accurately classify environmental conditions on
new, unseen data.

4.2 FEATURE EXTRACTION

Feature extraction is the process of transforming raw data into a format that is
suitable for modeling. In the context of IoT (Internet of Things) data, feature
extraction involves identifying relevant pieces of information from the data
collected by IoT devices. For
example, if you're collecting temperature readings from sensors, feature extraction
might involve extracting statistical features like mean, median, standard deviation,
etc., from the temperature readings.

Quantity Feature Extraction: Quantity feature extraction refers to extracting

numerical features from the IoT data. These features represent quantitative aspects
of the data, such as numerical measurements, counts, or statistics derived from the
data.Performing Standard Scaling: Standard scaling (or z-score normalization)
is a preprocessing technique used to standardize the range of features in the data

X, Y Variable Separation: In the context of modeling, X usually represents the

independent variables or features, while Y represents the dependent variable or the
target variable that we are trying to predict. X, Y variable separation involves
splitting the dataset into two parts: X, which contains the features used for
prediction, and Y, which contains the target variable. This separation allows us to
train machine learning models using the features to predict the target variable.
CLASSIFIER
Environmental condition monitoring using AI models from IoT sensor
telemetry data typically involves the application of various machine learning
classifiers to analyze the collected data and make predictions or classifications
based on it. Two common classifiers used in this context are the Random Forest
Classifier (RFC) and Naive Bayes.
The Random Forest Classifier is a versatile ensemble learning method that
operates by constructing multiple decision trees during training and outputting
the mode of the classes (classification) or the mean prediction (regression) of the
individual trees. It's known for its robustness, ability to handle large datasets
with high dimensionality, and resistance to overfitting. In environmental
condition monitoring, RFC can be effective in identifying patterns and
relationships within complex sensor data, allowing for accurate predictions of
environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and more.
In practice, the choice between RFC and Naive Bayes (or other classifiers)
depends on various factors such as the nature of the data, the specific objectives
of the monitoring system, computational resources, and performance
requirements. In some cases, a combination of multiple classifiers or advanced
techniques such as ensemble learning may be employed to further enhance the
accuracy and reliability of the monitoring models. Ultimately, the selection of
the most suitable classifier should be based on thorough experimentation and
evaluation to ensure optimal performance in environmental condition
monitoring applications.