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Cheatsheets / Learn Java
Object-Oriented Java
Java objects’ state and behavior
In Java, instances of a class are known as objects. Every public class Person {
object has state and behavior in the form of instance
// state of an object
�elds and methods respectively.
int age;
String name;
// behavior of an object
public void set_value() {
age = 20;
name = "Robin";
}
public void get_value() {
System.out.println("Age is " + age);
System.out.println("Name is " +
name);
}
// main method
public static void main(String [] args)
{
// creates a new Person object
Person p = new Person();
// changes state through behavior
p.set_value();
}
}
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Java instance
Java instances are objects that are based on classes. public class Person {
For example, Bob may be an instance of the class
int age;
Person .
Every instance has access to its own set of variables
String name;
which are known as instance �elds, which are variables
declared within the scope of the instance. Values for // Constructor method
instance �elds are assigned within the constructor
method.
public Person(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Person Bob = new Person(31, "Bob");
Person Alice = new Person(27,
"Alice");
}
}
Java dot notation
In Java programming language, we use . to access the public class Person {
variables and methods of an object or a Class.
int age;
This is known as dot notation and the structure looks
like this-
instanceOrClassName.fieldOrMethodNam public static void main(String [] args)
e {
Person p = new Person();
// here we use dot notation to set
age
p.age = 20;
// here we use dot notation to access
age and print
System.out.println("Age is " +
p.age);
// Output: Age is 20
}
}
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Constructor Method in Java
Java classes contain a constructor method which is public class Maths {
used to create instances of the class.
public Maths() {
The constructor is named after the class. If no
constructor is de�ned, a default empty constructor is System.out.println("I am
used. constructor");
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
System.out.println("I am main");
Maths obj1 = new Maths();
}
}
Creating a new Class instance in Java
In Java, we use the new keyword followed by a call to public class Person {
the class constructor in order to create a new instance
int age;
of a class.
The constructor can be used to provide initial values to // Constructor:
instance �elds. public Person(int a) {
age = a;
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
// Here, we create a new instance of
the Person class:
Person p = new Person(20);
System.out.println("Age is " +
p.age); // Prints: Age is 20
}
}
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Reference Data Types
A variable with a reference data type has a value that public class Cat {
references the memory address of an instance. During
public Cat() {
variable declaration, the class name is used as the
variable’s type. // instructions for creating a Cat
instance
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// garfield is declared with
reference data type `Cat`
Cat garfield = new Cat();
System.out.println(garfield); //
Prints: Cat@76ed5528
}
}
Constructor Signatures
A class can contain multiple constructors as long as // The signature is `Cat(String
they have di�erent parameter values. A signature helps
furLength, boolean hasClaws)`.
the compiler di�erentiate between the di�erent
constructors. public class Cat {
A signature is made up of the constructor’s name and a String furType;
list of its parameters.
boolean containsClaws;
public Cat(String furLength, boolean
hasClaws) {
furType = furLength;
containsClaws = hasClaws;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Cat garfield = new Cat("Long-hair",
true);
}
}
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null Values
null is a special value that denotes that an object has public class Bear {
a void reference.
String species;
public Bear(String speciesOfBear;) {
species = speciesOfBear;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Bear baloo = new Bear("Sloth bear");
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
Bear@4517d9a3
// set object to null
baloo = null;
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
null
}
}
The body of a Java method
In Java, we use curly brackets {} to enclose the body public class Maths {
of a method.
public static void sum(int a, int b) {
The statements written inside the {} are executed
when a method is called.
// Start of sum
int result = a + b;
System.out.println("Sum is " +
result);
} // End of sum
public static void main(String [] args)
{
// Here, we call the sum method
sum(10, 20);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}
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Method parameters in Java
In java, parameters are declared in a method de�nition. public class Maths {
The parameters act as variables inside the method and
public int sum(int a, int b) {
hold the value that was passed in. They can be used
inside a method for printing or calculation purposes. int k = a + b;
In the example, a and b are two parameters which, return k;
when the method is called, hold the value 10 and 20
}
respectively.
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("sum is " +
result);
// prints - sum is 30
}
}
Java Variables Inside a Method
Java variables de�ned inside a method cannot be used //For example, `i` and `j` variables are
outside the scope of that method.
available in the `main` method only:
public class Maths {
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int i, j;
System.out.println("These two
variables are available in main method
only");
}
}
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Returning info from a Java method
A Java method can return any value that can be saved public class Maths {
in a variable. The value returned must match with the
return type speci�ed in the method signature.
The value is returned using the return keyword. // return type is int
public int sum(int a, int b) {
int k;
k = a + b;
// sum is returned using the return
keyword
return k;
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result;
result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("Sum is " +
result);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}
Declaring a Method
Method declarations should de�ne the following // Here is a public method named sum
method information: scope (private or public), return
whose return type is int and has two int
type, method name, and any parameters it receives.
parameters a and b
public int sum(int a, int b) {
return(a + b);
}
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