<Java Essentials for Test Automation=
With Real Examples in Selenium, Rest Assured & TestNG
www.linkedin.com/in/vishnupriyaravichandran
by Vishnupriya R
1. OOPS Concepts
' Why it matters:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is the foundation of every scalable test automation framework. Understanding OOP
enables testers to:
Build reusable and modular test components
Structure Page Object Models (POM) effectively
Promote cleaner test design via inheritance, abstraction, and encapsulation
by Vishnupriya R
OOPS Concepts
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Page Object Model (POM) 4 Create reusable API client Structure test classes
every page is a class classes hierarchically
Base classes to hold common Abstract request setup into base Inherit common setup and
driver/setup logic classes teardown logic using base test
Reusable utilities and Use inheritance for common classes
components through inheritance headers, base URI, etc. Abstract repeated
@Before/@After logic to
superclasses
by Vishnupriya R
2. Collections Framework
' Why it matters:
Helps store and manage dynamic test data like WebElements, input values, headers, and JSON responses
Enables ordered, grouped, or unique data handling using List, Set, and Map
Makes iteration, validation, and filtering of test data much easier
Reduces complexity in building data-driven or reusable tests
Improves performance and clarity when dealing with large sets of test cases or elements
by Vishnupriya R
Collections Framework
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Store groups of WebElement Map<String, String> to store Use List<Object[]> or
objects, such as all buttons or headers, query parameters, and Iterator<Object[]> in
rows in a table request payloads @DataProvider methods for
Use List to maintain the order of List to collect and validate data-driven testing
elements or test steps values from JSON arrays Store multiple test scenarios,
Use Set to eliminate duplicate Set to verify uniqueness in API credentials, or expected outputs
values (e.g., link texts or titles) responses Combine Map and List to
Enable easy iteration and Collections simplify API chaining represent structured test data
validation of UI components and comparison of expected vs across modules
using loops or streams actual results
by Vishnupriya R
3. Exception Handling
' Why it matters:
Prevents test failures from breaking the entire test suite
Enables retry logic and graceful handling of flaky scenarios
Improves reliability and stability in CI/CD pipelines
Makes logs more meaningful and debugging easier
by Vishnupriya R
Exception Handling
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Handle dynamic DOM issues like Handle network issues like Wrap assertions to continue test
NoSuchElementException or SocketTimeoutException or execution after a soft failure
TimeoutException ConnectException Use try-catch inside
Catch flaky UI behavior during Catch malformed responses or @BeforeMethod or
waits or click actions incorrect endpoint errors @AfterMethod to protect setup
Implement fallback logic or Retry failed API calls or switch and cleanup
recovery steps in case of environments if a call fails Integrate exception handling
element failures gracefully into custom listeners or retry
analyzers
by Vishnupriya R
4. Java 8 Streams & Lambdas
' Why it matters:
Simplifies operations on collections like filtering, mapping, and grouping
Reduces boilerplate code, improving readability and maintainability
Makes bulk data processing (like element lists or API arrays) efficient and clean
Enhances functional programming patterns in automation frameworks
by Vishnupriya R
Java 8 Streams & Lambdas
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Filter visible elements from a list Filter, transform, or extract Use streams to validate
of WebElements specific fields from large JSON assertion lists or response
Extract text or attributes from UI arrays collections
elements Validate API responses using Simplify filtering of test data
Chain operations like filter, streamlined collection before execution
map, and collect for dynamic UI operations Enhance logic inside custom
validation Easily compare expected vs assertions or result parsing
Improve readability in logic- actual lists or perform partial Replace traditional loops with
heavy validations across the matches cleaner, functional-style checks
DOM Replace nested loops with one-
liner data processing
by Vishnupriya R
5. File Handling
' Why it matters:
Enables reading and writing of test data from external files like .properties, .csv, .json, and .xml
Helps in managing configuration, credentials, and environment-specific data outside the codebase
Supports data-driven testing by dynamically loading inputs and expected outputs
Makes frameworks flexible and environment-independent
by Vishnupriya R
File Handling
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Read locators, credentials, and Load request bodies (POST/PUT) Parameterize tests using values
environment configs from from external JSON or XML files from files (via DataProvider)
.properties or .json files Store and reuse token data, Store and read test metadata,
Store test results, screenshots, or headers, or environment configs assertions, and expected values
logs in structured output files from property files from structured sources
Load test input values from Log responses and error Customize test execution or
Excel, CSV, or JSON to support payloads to files for debugging assertions based on external
large-scale tests Maintain external test data sets configuration
Manage browser configurations for large-scale API testing Enable dynamic test generation
or environment URLs from based on file-driven logic
external files
by Vishnupriya R
6. POJOs & Serialization
' Why it matters:
POJOs (Plain Old Java Objects) help map structured data like JSON and XML to Java objects
Serialization converts Java objects to a transportable format (like JSON), while deserialization does the reverse
Greatly improves readability, maintainability, and structure of API tests
by Vishnupriya R
POJOs & Serialization
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Use POJOs to manage structured Map JSON/XML API request and Use POJO-based test data for
test data inputs (like credentials, response payloads to Java readability in data-driven test
form inputs, etc.) objects cases
Store reusable data models Easily serialize Java objects into Deserialize external test input
representing complex inputs request bodies for POST and PUT files into Java objects for use in
used across multiple pages calls tests
Share common POJO models Deserialize API responses into Simplify complex test parameter
between frontend and backend POJOs to validate fields with combinations by using object
validations when applicable Java assertions wrappers
Use POJOs for clean, schema- Improve code modularity by
aligned test logic and reduced passing POJOs as parameters to
maintenance cost test methods
by Vishnupriya R
7. Multithreading & Parallel Execution
' Why it matters:
Speeds up test execution by running tests or operations in parallel
Helps simulate real-world concurrency scenarios (e.g., multiple users hitting APIs)
Boosts performance in CI pipelines, especially with heavy regression suites
Encourages better design of thread-safe utilities and shared resource
by Vishnupriya R
Multithreading & Parallel Execution
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Run multiple test classes or Send parallel API requests to Configure parallel test execution
browser instances in parallel simulate load testing or using testng.xml or
using threads concurrency scenarios @DataProvider(parallel = true)
Simulate concurrent user Handle thread safety while Parallelize tests by methods,
behavior (e.g., opening multiple reusing shared request classes, or test suites
tabs or sessions) configurations Combine with listeners to
Requires thread-safe handling of Useful for validating consistency control thread behavior and
WebDriver instances and in distributed systems reporting
locators
by Vishnupriya R
9. Assertions in Java
' Why it matters:
Provides the foundation for all types of validations in test logic
Enables custom conditions beyond built-in assertion libraries
Helps compare, check, and validate dynamic data with precision
by Vishnupriya R
Assertions in Java
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Run multiple test classes or Send parallel API requests to Configure parallel test execution
browser instances in parallel simulate load testing or using testng.xml or
using threads concurrency scenarios @DataProvider(parallel = true)
Simulate concurrent user Handle thread safety while Parallelize tests by methods,
behavior (e.g., opening multiple reusing shared request classes, or test suites
tabs or sessions) configurations Combine with listeners to
Requires thread-safe handling of Useful for validating consistency control thread behavior and
WebDriver instances and in distributed systems reporting
locators
by Vishnupriya R
8. Utility Classes (e.g., Date, String, Random,
CustomUtils)
' Why it matters:
Promotes code reuse and keeps test logic clean
Helps manage frequently used functions like timestamp generation, random data creation, or string formatting
Centralizes logic for better maintainability and debugging
by Vishnupriya R
Utility Classes
i Selenium i Rest Assured i TestNG
Compare actual UI content with Validate status codes, headers, Combine Java conditional checks
expected results and JSON field values with Assert.assertEquals or
Validate presence, visibility, or Use conditional logic to assert assertTrue
state of elements multiple response conditions Use complex logic gates (AND,
Build custom assertions based Customize pass/fail logic for OR, NOT) for edge-case
on text, attributes, or DOM chained API tests validation
values Write reusable assertion
methods using core Java logi
by Vishnupriya R
