Lecture Notes on Microprogramming & Microprocessor
Systems
1.1 Definition of Microprogramming
Microprogramming is a technique used to implement the control unit of a computer's CPU
by storing a set of low-level control instructions called microinstructions in a special
memory known as the control store. Each machine instruction is broken down into
micro-operations, making it easier to modify or extend a CPU’s instruction set without
changing hardware.
1.2 Microprogram System vs Hardwired System
Microprogram System: Control signals are generated by reading microinstructions from
control memory. Components include Control Memory, Control Address Register (CAR),
Control Data Register (CDR), Sequencer, and Decoder.
Hardwired System: Control signals are generated directly by fixed logic circuits such as
decoders and timing control logic. It is faster but less flexible.
1.3 Functions of a Microprocessor
The microprocessor fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, controls the flow of data,
synchronizes operations with the system clock, and handles interrupts.
1.4 Limitations of Hardwired Logic & Justification for Microprocessors
Limitations of Hardwired Logic: Difficult to modify, complex for complex ISAs, expensive
redesign, and hard to maintain.
Justification for Microprocessors: Highly programmable, flexible, easy to upgrade,
supports complex instructions, and faster development.
1.5 Basic Structure & Characteristics of a Microprocessor
Basic structure includes ALU, Control Unit, Registers, Bus Interface, Clock Unit, and
Cache Memory.
Characteristics: Word length, clock speed, instruction set, power consumption, and
throughput.
1.6 Differences Between Microprogram & Hardwired Systems
Feature Microprogram Control Hardwired Control
Implementation Stored microinstructions in control memory Fixed logic circuits
Speed Slower (memory fetch delay) Faster (direct signal generation)
Flexibility Highly flexible Not flexible
Complexity Simpler for complex instructions More complex
Cost Lower for complex ISAs Higher for complex ISAs
Use Case CISC processors RISC processors
1.7 Diagram of a Microprocessor
Control Unit
Registers
ALU
System Bus
