Where it is used?

According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is currently used. Some of
them are as follows:

1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.

2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java programming:

1) Standalone Application

It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application that we need to install on
every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are used in java for creating standalone
applications.

2) Web Application

An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web application. Currently,
servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java.

3) Enterprise Application

An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It has the advantage of high
level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

4) Mobile Application

An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile
applications.

Do You Know ?
 What is the difference between JRE and JVM ?
 What is the purpose of JIT compiler ?
  Can we save the java source file without any name ?
 Why java uses the concept of unicode system ?

What will we learn in Basics of Java ?

 History of Java
 Features of Java
 Hello Java Program
 Program Internal
 How to set path?
 Difference between JDK,JRE and JVM
 Internal Details of JVM
 Variable and Data Type
 Unicode System
 Operators

Features of Java
1. Features of Java
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform Independent
4. secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture Neutral
7. Portable
8. High Performance
9. Distributed
10. Multi-threaded

There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Features given below
are simple and easy to understand.

1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform independent
4. Secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture neutral
7. Portable
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed
Simple
According to Sun, Java language is simple because:

syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).

removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading etc.

No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage Collection in java.

Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that
incorporates both data and behaviour.

Object-oriented programming(OOPs) is a methodology that simplify software development and

maintenance by providing some rules.

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. There are two types of
platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides software-based platform. The Java platform
differs from most other platforms in the sense that it's a software-based platform that runs on top of other
hardware-based platforms.It has two components:

1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
 Java code can be run
on multiple platforms e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun Solaris,Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler
and converted into bytecode.This bytecode is a platform independent code because it can be run on
multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).

Secured
Java is secured because:

 No explicit pointer
 Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.
  Classloader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local file system from
those that are imported from network sources.
 Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to
objects.
 Security Manager- determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing to
the local disk.

These security are provided by java language. Some security can also be provided by application
developer through SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are lack of pointers that
avoids security problem. There is automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception handling and
type checking mechanism in java. All these points makes java robust.

Architecture-neutral
There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of primitive types is set.

Portable
We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.
High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native code still somewhat slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++)

Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications.
We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

Multi-threaded

A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with
many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the
same memory. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications etc.
 Simple Program of Java
1. Software Requirements
2. Creating Hello Java Example
3. Resolving javac is not recognized problem

In this page, we will learn how to write the simple program of java. We can write a simple hello java program
easily after installing the JDK.

To create a simple java program, you need to create a class that contains main method. Let's understand the
requirement first.

Requirement for Hello Java Example

For executing any java program, you need to

 install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
 set path of the jdk/bin directory. http://www.javatpoint.com/how-to-set-path-in-java
 create the java program
 compile and run the java program

Creating hello java example

Let's create the hello java program:

1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("Hello Java");
4. }
5. }
Test it Now

save this file as Simple.java

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

Output:Hello Java

Understanding first java program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[], System.out.println().
  class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible to all.
 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method. The core
advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to invoke the static method. The
main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main
method. So it saves memory.
 void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
 main represents startup of the program.
 String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
 System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about the internal working of
System.out.println statement later.

To write the simple program, open notepad by start menu -> All Programs -> Accessories ->
notepad and write simple program as displayed below:
As displayed in the above diagram, write the simple program of java in notepad and saved it as
Simple.java. To compile and run this program, you need to open command prompt by start menu -> All
Programs -> Accessories -> command prompt.
 To compile and run the above program, go to your current directory first; my current directory is c:\new .
Write here:

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

How many ways can we write a java program

 There are many ways to write a java program. The modifications that can be done in a java program are
given below:

1) By changing sequence of the modifiers, method prototype is not changed.

Let's see the simple code of main method.

1. static public void main(String args[])

2) subscript notation in java array can be used after type, before variable or after variable.

Let's see the different codes to write the main method.

1. public static void main(String[] args)

2. public static void main(String []args)
3. public static void main(String args[])

3) You can provide var-args support to main method by passing 3 ellipses (dots)

Let's see the simple code of using var-args in main method. We will learn about var-args later in Java New
Features chapter.

1. public static void main(String... args)

4) Having semicolon at the end of class in java is optional.

Let's see the simple code.

1. class A{
2. static public void main(String... args){
3. System.out.println("hello java4");
4. }
5. };

Valid java main method signature

1. public static void main(String[] args)
2. public static void main(String []args)
3. public static void main(String args[])
4. public static void main(String... args)
5. static public void main(String[] args)
6. public static final void main(String[] args)
7. final public static void main(String[] args)
8. final strictfp public static void main(String[] args)

Invalid java main method signature

1. public void main(String[] args)
2. static void main(String[] args)
3. public void static main(String[] args)
4. abstract public static void main(String[] args)

How to set path in Java

1. How to set path of JDK in Windows OS
1. Setting Temporary Path of JDK
2. Setting Permanent Path of JDK
2. How to set path of JDK in Linux OS

The path is required to be set for using tools such as javac, java etc.

If you are saving the java source file inside the jdk/bin directory, path is not required to be set because all
the tools will be available in the current directory.

But If you are having your java file outside the jdk/bin folder, it is necessary to set path of JDK.

There are 2 ways to set java path:

1. temporary
2. permanent

1) How to set Temporary Path of JDK in Windows

To set the temporary path of JDK, you need to follow following steps:

 Open command prompt

 copy the path of jdk/bin directory
 write in command prompt: set path=copied_path

For Example:
set path=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_23\bin

Let's see it in the figure given below:

2) How to set Permanent Path of JDK in Windows

For setting the permanent path of JDK, you need to follow these steps:

 Go to MyComputer properties -> advanced tab -> environment variables -> new tab of user variable
-> write path in variable name -> write path of bin folder in variable value -> ok -> ok -> ok

For Example:
1)Go to MyComputer properties
2)click on advanced tab
3)click on environment variables
4)click on new tab of user variables
5)write path in variable name
6)Copy the path of bin folder
7)paste path of bin folder in variable value
8)click on ok button
9)click on ok button
Now your permanent path is set.You can now execute any program of java from any drive.

Setting Java Path in Linux OS

Setting the path in Linux OS is same as setting the path in the Windows OS. But here we use export tool
rather than set. Let's see how to set path in Linux OS:

export PATH=$PATH:/home/jdk1.6.01/bin/
Here, we have installed the JDK in the home directory under Root (/home).
Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM
1. Brief summary of JVM
2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
3. Java Development Kit (JDK)

Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in Java. We are having brief overview
of JVM here.

If you want to get the detailed knowledge of Java Virtural Machine, move to the next page. Firstly, let's see
the basic differences between the JDK, JRE and JVM.

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK are platform
dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform independent.

The JVM performs following main tasks:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runtime environment.It is the
implementation of JVM.It physically exists.It contains set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at
runtime.

Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro Systems.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically exists.It contains JRE + development tools.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
1. Java Virtual Machine
2. Internal Architecture of JVM

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime environment
in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is plateform dependent).

What is JVM?
It is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But implementation provider
is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation has been provided by Sun and other
companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run the java
class, and instance of JVM is created.

What it does?
The JVM performs following operation:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

 Memory area
 Class file format
 Register set
 Garbage-collected heap
 Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory area, execution
engine etc.
1) Classloader:

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area:

Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and method data,
the code for methods.

3) Heap:

It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
 Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method
invocation and return.

Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method
invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register:

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction currently
being executed.

6) Native Method Stack:

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine:
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the performance.JIT compiles parts of the byte
code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed
for compilation.Here the term ?compiler? refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java
virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.
 Variable and Datatype in Java
1. Variable
2. Types of Variable
3. Data Types in Java

In this page, we will learn about the variable and java data types. Variable is a name of memory location.
There are three types of variables: local, instance and static. There are two types of datatypes in java,
primitive and non-primitive.

Variable

Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.

1. int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java

 local variable
 instance variable
 static variable
 Local Variable

A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable.

Instance Variable

A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called instance variable . It is not
declared as static.

Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables

1. class A{
2. int data=50;//instance variable
3. static int m=100;//static variable
4. void method(){
5. int n=90;//local variable
6. }
7. }//end of class

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types

 primitive data types

 non-primitive data types
Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Why char uses 2 byte in java and what is \u0000 ?

because java uses unicode system rather than ASCII code system. \u0000 is the lowest range of unicode
system.To get detail about Unicode see below.

Unicode System
Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding that is capable of representing most of
the world's written languages.

Why java uses Unicode System?

Before Unicode, there were many language standards:

 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the United States.
 ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language.
 KOI-8 for Russian.
 GB18030 and BIG-5 for chinese, and so on.

This caused two problems:

1. A particular code value corresponds to different letters in the various language standards.
2. The encodings for languages with large character sets have variable length.Some common
characters are encoded as single bytes, other require two or more byte.

To solve these problems, a new language standard was developed i.e. Unicode System.

In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for characters.

lowest value:\u0000

highest value:\uFFFF
Operators in java
Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. There are many types of operators in java
such as unary operator, arithmetic operator, relational operator, shift operator, bitwise operator, ternary
operator and assignment operator.

Operators Precedence

postfix expr++ expr--

unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

multiplicative * / %

additive + -

shift << >> >>>

relational < > <= >= instanceof

equality == !=

bitwise AND &

bitwise exclusive OR ^

bitwise inclusive OR |

logical AND &&

logical OR ||

ternary ? :

assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=