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1.Aim: Understanding Data, What is data, where to find data, Foundations for
building Data Visualizations,Creating Your First visualization?
Solution :
What is Data?
Data refers to raw facts, statistics, or information collected or stored in a structured or
unstructured form. Data can take various forms, such as text, numbers, images, videos, and
more. It is the foundation of all information and knowledge and is used in various fields for
analysis, decision-making, and understanding trends and patterns.
Data can be categorized into two main types:
Structured Data: This type of data is organized into a specific format, such as tables or
databases, and is easily searchable and analyzable. Examples include spreadsheets, relational
databases, and CSV files.
Unstructured Data: Unstructured data lacks a specific format and can include text documents,
social media posts, images, audio recordings, and more. Analyzing unstructured data often
requires advanced techniques like natural language processing and image recognition.
Where to Find Data?
You can find data from various sources, depending on your specific needs:
Open Data Portals: Many governments and organizations provide free access to a wide range of
data through open data portals. Examples include Data.gov (United States) and data.gov.uk
(United Kingdom).
Data Repositories: Academic institutions, research organizations, and data enthusiasts often
share datasets on platforms like Kaggle, GitHub, and the UCI Machine Learning Repository.
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Some websites and services offer APIs that allow
you to programmatically access and retrieve data. Examples include Twitter API, Google Maps
API, and financial market APIs.
Web Scraping: You can extract data from websites using web scraping tools and libraries like
BeautifulSoup and Scrapy. However, be mindful of the website's terms of use and legal
restrictions.
Surveys and Surveys: You can conduct your own surveys or collect data through questionnaires
and interviews.
IoT Devices: Internet of Things (IoT) devices generate vast amounts of data that can be used for
various purposes.
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Commercial Data Providers: Some companies specialize in selling datasets for specific
industries, such as market research, finance, and healthcare.
Foundations for Building Data Visualizations:Creating effective data
visualizations requires a strong foundation in several key areas:
Data Analysis: Before creating visualizations, you should thoroughly analyze your data to
understand its structure, relationships, and any patterns or trends. Exploratory data analysis (EDA)
techniques can help with this.
Statistical Knowledge: Understanding basic statistics is essential for making meaningful
interpretations of data. Concepts like mean, median, standard deviation, and correlation are
commonly used in data visualization.
Domain Knowledge: Having knowledge of the specific domain or subject matter related to your
data is crucial for creating contextually relevant visualizations. It helps you ask the right questions
and provide valuable insights.
Visualization Tools: Familiarize yourself with data visualization tools and libraries such as
matplotlib, Seaborn, ggplot2, D3.js, and Tableau. Each tool has its strengths and can be used for
different types of visualizations.
Design Principles: Study design principles, including color theory, typography, and visual
hierarchy, to create visually appealing and effective visualizations. Avoid common pitfalls like
misleading visualizations.
Interactivity: Learn how to add interactive elements to your visualizations to engage users and allow
them to explore the data. This can be achieved using tools like JavaScript, Python libraries, or
dedicated visualization software.
Creating Your First Visualization:To create your first data visualization,
follow these general steps:
Select Your Data: Choose a dataset that aligns with your goals and interests. Ensure that the data
is clean and well-structured.
Define Your Objective: Clearly define what you want to communicate or explore with your
visualization. Are you looking to show trends, comparisons, or distributions?
Choose the Right Visualization Type: Select a visualization type that suits your data and
objectives. Common types include bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, histograms, and pie charts.
Prepare and Transform Data: Preprocess your data as needed. This may involve aggregating,
filtering, or transforming the data to fit the chosen visualization.
Create the Visualization: Use a suitable tool or library to create your visualization. Customize it
with labels, colors, and other design elements.
Interactivity (Optional): If appropriate, add interactive features to your visualization to allow users
to interact with the data.
Test and Iterate: Review your visualization for accuracy and clarity. Seek feedback from others
and make improvements as necessary.
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Publish or Share: Once you are satisfied with your visualization, publish it on a platform, embed it
in a report, or share it with your intended audience.
Document and Explain: Provide context and explanations for your visualization. Clearly
communicate what the viewer should take away from it.
Maintain and Update: If the data changes or new insights emerge, update your visualization
accordingly.
2.Aim:Getting started with Tableau Software using Data file formats, connecting
your Data to Tableau,creating basic charts(line, bar charts, Tree maps),Using the
Show me panel.
Solution :
Getting started with Tableau software is a great way to create data visualizations
quickly and efficiently. Here are the steps to get started, including connecting your
data to Tableau, creating basic charts like line charts, bar charts, and treemaps, and
using the Show Me panel:
1. Download and Install Tableau:
First, you'll need to download and install Tableau Desktop or Tableau Public (a free
version). Follow the installation instructions provided on the Tableau website for your
specific operating system.
2. Prepare Your Data:
Before connecting your data to Tableau, ensure that your data is in a suitable format.
Common data file formats that Tableau supports include Excel (.xlsx), CSV (.csv),
and text files (.txt). Make sure your data is organized with headers for each column.
3. Connect Your Data to Tableau:
3.1 Launch Tableau Desktop.
3.2 Go to "File" Menu and then click on "Open".
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3.3 Choose the data source type (e.g., Excel, CSV, text file) and Select the data
file(P6-SuperStoreUS-2015.xls) and click "Open".
3.4 Drag any table(e.g. Orders) into working area.
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3.5 Click on Worksheet(Sheet1).
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4. Data Source Pane:
Once your data is connected, the Data Source Pane will appear on the left-hand side
of the Tableau interface. Here, you can see a preview of your data and perform data
transformations or join multiple data sources if necessary.
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5. Creating Basic Charts:
Now, let's create some basic charts using Tableau:
a. Line Chart:
1. From the "Data Source pane", drag and drop the date field to the Columns
shelf and a numeric field (e.g., sales, revenue) to the Rows shelf.
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2. Then Tableau will automatically create a line chart. You can customize it by
adding labels, titles, and formatting.
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b. Bar Chart:
1. Drag and drop a categorical field (e.g., product category, region) to the Columns
shelf and a numeric field to the Rows shelf.
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2. Then Tableau will create a bar chart. You can adjust the orientation and formatting
as needed. To display Labels on the bars click on Lables and select "Show mark
lables"
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c. Treemap:
1. Drag and drop a categorical field to the Columns shelf.
2. Drag and drop a numeric field to the Size shelf.
3. Tableau will create a treemap visualization. You can further customize it by
adjusting colors and labels.
6. Using the Show Me Panel:
The Show Me panel in Tableau helps you explore various chart types based on your
data and the fields you select. Here's how to use it:
1. After adding fields to the Rows and Columns shelves, click on the "Show Me" panel
located on the left side of the Tableau interface.
2. In the Show Me panel, you'll see a variety of chart options that Tableau
recommends based on your data. Click on a chart type to create it.
3. Tableau will automatically generate the selected chart type with your data. You can
further customize it as needed.
4. To go back to the regular worksheet view, click the "Clear" button in the Show Me
panel.
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3.Aim:Tableau Calculations, Overview of SUM, AVR, and Aggregate features,
Creating custom calculationsand fields
Solution :
Tableau offers a powerful set of calculation tools that allow you to manipulate,
transform, and analyze your data in various ways. Here's an overview of some key
concepts related to Tableau calculations, including SUM, AVG (average), and
aggregate functions, as well as creating custom calculations and fields
SUM and AVG (Average) Functions
SUM Function
The SUM function in Tableau calculates the total sum of a numeric field. You can use it
to find the sum of values in a column or as part of a more complex calculation. To use
SUM, simply drag and drop a numeric field into the "SUM" shelf, or you can create a
calculated field using the SUM function.
AVG (Average) Function
The AVG function calculates the average (mean) value of a numeric field. Like SUM,
you can use it by dragging a numeric field into the "AVG" shelf or creating a calculated
field with the AVG function.
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Aggregate Functions:
Tableau provides a range of aggregate functions that allow you to perform calculations
on groups of data. Common aggregate functions include SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN
(minimum value), and MAX (maximum value). These functions are particularly useful
when you want to analyze data at different levels of granularity (e.g., by category,
region, or time period).
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Creating Custom Calculations
Tableau allows you to create custom calculations using calculated fields. Here's how to
create a custom calculation:
1. Create a New Calculated Field
In the Data Source Pane, right-click on your data source and select "Create Calculated
Field".
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Alternatively, you can create a calculated field by right-clicking on a shelf in your
worksheet and choosing "Create Calculated Field".
2. Enter Your Calculation:
In the calculated field editor, you can use functions, operators, and field references to
define your calculation.
For example, you can create a calculated field to calculate profit margin as
(SUM([Profit]) / SUM([Sales])) * 100.
3. Name and Save the Calculated Field:
Give your calculated field a meaningful name.
Click the "OK" or "Apply" button to save the calculated field.
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4. Use the Calculated Field in Your Worksheet:
You can now use the calculated field like any other field in your worksheet. Drag it to
the Rows or Columns shelf, use it in filters, or create visualizations based on it.
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MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
4.Aim:Applying new data calculations to your visualizations, Formatting
Visualizations, Formatting Toolsand Menus, Formatting specific parts of the view.
Solution :
Applying New Data Calculations to Visualizations
1. Drag and Drop Calculated Fields:
To apply your newly created calculated fields to a visualization, simply drag and drop them
onto the appropriate shelves in your worksheet. For example, you can drag a calculated field
to the Rows or Columns shelf, use it in filters, or place it on the Marks card to control the
appearance of marks.
2. Filter with Calculated Fields:
Create filters using calculated fields to control which data points are displayed in your
visualization. You can use calculated fields to filter by specific criteria, such as a calculated
date range or a custom ranking.
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Formatting Visualizations
Tableau provides a wide range of formatting options to make your visualizations more
appealing and informative:
1. Format Pane:
On the left side of the Tableau interface, you'll find the Format pane. It allows you to format
various aspects of your visualization, such as fonts, colors, lines, shading, and borders.
Simply select the element you want to format and use the options in the Format pane to
make changes.
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2. Marks Card:
The Marks card, located above your visualization, offers formatting options specific to the
type of marks you're using (e.g., color, size, label). Click on the Marks card to access these
options and modify how your data is represented.
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3. Axis and Gridlines:
You can format axis labels, titles, and gridlines to improve the readability of your
visualization. Right-click on an axis or gridline to access formatting options.
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4. Legends and Color Scales:
Customize legends and color scales to provide context for your visualizations. You can
change colors, labels, and the position of legends to match your data.
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Formatting Tools and Menus
Tableau provides several formatting tools and menus to help you refine the appearance of
your visualizations:
1. Format Menu:
The Format menu at the top of the Tableau interface provides access to various formatting
options, including font styles, shading, borders, alignment, and more. You can use this
menu to format text, labels, and other elements.
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2. Worksheet Menu:
In the Worksheet menu, you'll find options to format the entire worksheet, including
background color, borders, and worksheet title. You can also adjust the worksheet size.
3. Dashboard Menu:
If you're working with dashboards, the Dashboard menu allows you to format the entire
dashboard layout, including background, size, and title.
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Formatting Specific Parts of the View
Tableau lets you format specific elements of your visualization:
1. Annotations:
You can add annotations to your visualizations to highlight important points or provide
additional context. Format these annotations using the options available when you right-
click on an annotation.
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2. Tooltips:
Customize tooltips to display relevant information when users hover over data points. You
can format tooltips to show or hide specific fields and control their appearance.
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3. Headers and Titles:
Format headers, titles, and subtitles for clarity and consistency. Use the Format pane or the
Format menu to adjust text formatting, alignment, and shading.
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5.Aim:Editing and Formatting Axes, Manipulating Data in Tableau data, Pivoting Tableau
data.
Solution :
Editing and Formatting Axes:
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1. Edit Axis Title:
Click on the axis title you want to edit.
You can now modify the title text, font, size, color, and alignment using the Format pane or the toolbar at
the top.
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2. Edit Axis Labels:
Right-click on an axis and select "Edit Axis."
In the Edit Axis dialog box, you can change the formatting of labels, tick marks, and other axis-related
properties.
3. Scale and Range:
To change the scale or range of an axis, right-click on it and select "Edit Axis."
In the dialog box, adjust the Minimum and Maximum values, scale, or range according to your needs.
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Manipulating Data in Tableau data
Change Data Type
If Tableau has inferred a wrong data type for a column, the data type can be changed by
clicking on the data type symbol in the column header
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New Column(Calculated Fields)
Calculated fields can be used if you need to create customized logic for manipulating certain
data types or data values. There are a large-range of functions available in Tableau that can
used individually or collectively for data manipulation
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Pivoting Tableau data
Data pivoting enables you to rearrange the columns and rows in a report so you can view
data from different perspectives
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