IB Biology

TOPIC 1: Statistical Analysis 1.1.1 State that error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data. 1.1.2 Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of a set of values. 1.1.3 State that the term standard deviation is used to summarize the spread of values around the mean and that 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation of the mean. 1.1.4 Explain how the standard deviation is useful for comparing the means and the spread of data between two or more samples. 1.1.5 Deduce the significance of the difference between two sets of data using calculated values for t and the appropriate tables. 1.1.6 Explain that the existence of a correlation does not establish that there is a causal relationship between two variables. TOPIC 2: Cells 2.1 Cell Theory 2.1.1 Outline the cell theory 2.1.2 Discuss the evidence for the cell theory 2.1.3 State the unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life.

2.1.4 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit 2.1.5 Calculate the linear magnification of drawing and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification 2.1.6 Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size 2.1.7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties 2.1.8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others 2.1.9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways 2.1.10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of E. Coli as an example of a prokaryote

2.2.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.2.1 with the functions of each named structure. 2.2.3 Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. Coli

2.2.4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells 2.3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell. 2.3.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named structure. 2.3.3 Identify structure from 2.3.1 in electron micrographs of liver cells. 2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2.3.5 State three differences between plant and animal cells. 2.3.6 Outline two roles of extracellular components. 2.4 Plasma Membrane 2.4.1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes. 2.4.2 Explain how the hydophobic and hydrophillic properties of phospholipids help to maintian the structure of cell membranes. 2.4.3 List the functions of membrane proteins. 2.4.4 Define diffusion and osmosis. 2.4.5 Explain passive tranport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 2.4.6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes. 2.4.7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane. 2.4.8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and re-form during endocyosis and exocytosis 2.5 Cell Division 2.5.1 Outline the stages in cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis. 2.5.2 State that tumors are results of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue.

2.5.3 State that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts. 2.5.4 Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis (PMAT). 2.5.5 Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei. 2.5.6 State that growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis. TOPIC 3: The Chemistry of Life 3.1 - Chemical Elements and Water 3.1.1 State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. 3.1.2 State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorous, iron, and sodium. 3.1.3 State one role for each of the elements mentioned in 3.1.2 3.1.4 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation. 3.1.5 Outline the thermal, cohesive, and covalent properties of water. 3.1.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions, and transport medium. 3.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose, and fatty acids showing their structure. 3.2.3 List three examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose, and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose, and cellulose in plants. 3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. 3.2.6 State three different functions of lipids.

3.2.7 Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage 3.3 DNA Structure 3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar, base, and phosphate. 3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA. 3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand. 3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds 3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. 3.4 DNA Replication 3.4.1 Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and seperation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. 3.4.2 Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. 3.4.3 State that DNA replication is semi-conservative. 3.5 Transcription and Translation 3.5.1 Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. 3.5.2 Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase. 3.5.3 Descrbe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases. 3.5.4 Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. 3.5.5 Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide. 3.6 Enzymes 3.6.1 Define enzyme and active site. 3.6.2 Explain enzyme-substrate specificity. 3.6.3 Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. 3.6.4 Define denaturation.

3.6.5 Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. 3.7 Cell Respiration 3.7.1 Define cell respiration. 3.7.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yeild of ATP. 3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic cell repiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. 3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yeild of ATP. 3.8 Photosynthesis 3.8.1 State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. 3.8.2 State the light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths. 3.8.3 State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. 3.8.4 Outline the differences in absorption of re, blue, and green light by chlorophyll. 3.8.5 State that light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules to form oxygen and hydrogen. 3.8.6 State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organice molecules 3.8.7 Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass. 3.8.8 Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.

TOPIC 4: Genetics 4.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, and Mutations 4.1.1 State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. 4.1.2 Define gene, allele, genome 4.1.3 Define gene mutation

4.1.4 Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia. 4.2 Meiosis 4.2.1 State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. 4.2.2 Define homologous chromosomes. 4.2.3 Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, followed by two divisions, which results in four haploid cells. 4.2.4 Explain that non-disjunction can lead to changes in chromosome number, illustrated by reference to Down syndrome. 4.2.5 State that, in karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to their size and structure. 4.2.6 State that karyotyping is performed using cells collected by chorionic villus sampling or amnlocentesis, for pre-natal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities. 4.2.7 Analyze a human karyotype to determine gender and whether non-disjunction has occurred. 4.3 Theoretical Genetics Hi, my name is Paul. I like chick flicks, carbs, hair in the armpit area, and other princess-girly-like things.
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