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    Modeling in The Time Domain: Omisol and Tarife

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    Rovick Tarife
    The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representation. It defines key terms like state vector, state space, state equations and output equation. It explains that the state vector consists of the minimum number of linearly independent state variables needed to describe the system. Selection of state variables is based on the order of differential equations describing the system and number of independent energy storage elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate representing electrical networks, mechanical systems and converting transfer functions to state-space form.

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    Modeling in The Time Domain: Omisol and Tarife

    Uploaded by

    Rovick Tarife
    89 views28 pages
    The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representation. It defines key terms like state vector, state space, state equations and output equation. It explains that the state vector consists of the minimum number of linearly independent state variables needed to describe the system. Selection of state variables is based on the order of differential equations describing the system and number of independent energy storage elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate representing electrical networks, mechanical systems and converting transfer functions to state-space form.

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    Modeling Time Domain

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    The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representation. It defines key terms like state vector, state space, state equations and output equation. It explains that the state vector consists of the minimum number of linearly independent state variables needed to describe the system. Selection of state variables is based on the order of differential equations describing the system and number of independent energy storage elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate representing electrical networks, mechanical systems and converting transfer functions to state-space form.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    89 views28 pages

    Modeling in The Time Domain: Omisol and Tarife

    Uploaded by

    Rovick Tarife
    The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representation. It defines key terms like state vector, state space, state equations and output equation. It explains that the state vector consists of the minimum number of linearly independent state variables needed to describe the system. Selection of state variables is based on the order of differential equations describing the system and number of independent energy storage elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate representing electrical networks, mechanical systems and converting transfer functions to state-space form.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Modeling in the Time Domain

    Omisol and Tarife

    The General State-Space Representation


    Formal Definition of Terms
    Linear Combination - A linear combination of n variables, xi, for i = 1 to n, is given by the following sum, S: Where Ki is a constant. Linear Independence - A set of variables is said to be linearly independent if none of the variables can be written as a linear combination of the others.

    Formal Definition of Terms


    System variable - Any variable that responds to an input or initial conditions in a system. State variables The smallest set of linearly independent system variables such that the values of the members of the set at time t0 along with known forcing functions completely determine the value of all system variables for all t > to.

    Formal Definition of Terms


    State vector - A vector whose elements are the state variables. State space - The n-dimensional space whose axes are the state variables.

    Formal Definition of Terms


    State equations - A set of n simultaneous, first-order differential equations with n variables, where the n variables to be solved are the state variables. Output equation - The algebraic equation that expresses the output variables of a system as linear combinations of the state variables and the inputs.

    The General State-Space Representation


    A system is represented in state space by the following equations:

    The General State-Space Representation


    Example:

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    The first step in representing a system is to select the state vector, which must be chosen according to the following considerations: 1. A minimum number of state variables must be selected as components of the state vector. This minimum number of state variables is sufficient to describe completely the state of the system. 2. The components of the state vector (that is, this minimum number of state variables) must be linearly independent.

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    Minimum Number of State Variables
    Typically, the minimum number required equals the order of the differential equation describing the system Example:

    If a third-order differential equation describes the system, then three simultaneous, first-order differential equations are required along with three state variables.

    Minimum Number of State Variables


    In most cases, another way to determine the number of state variables is to count the number of independent energy-storage elements in the system. Example:
    2 Energy Storage Elements = 2 State variables

    Minimum Number of State Variables


    If you select the minimum number of state variables but they are not linearly independent: - you may not be able to solve for all other system variables. - you may not be able to complete the writing of the state equations.

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    Example (Representing an Electrical Network):

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    ANSWER:

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    Example (Representing an Electrical Network with a Dependent Source):

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    ANSWER:

    Where:

    Applying the State-Space Representation


    Example (Representing a Translational Mechanical System):

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    SIGNIFICANCE: One advantage of the state-space representation is that it can be used for the simulation of physical systems on the digital computer. Thus, if we want to simulate a system that is represented by a transfer function, we must first convert the transfer function representation to state space.

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    Select a set of state variables, called phase variables, where each subsequent state variable is defined to be the derivative of the previous state variable.

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    In summary: 1. We first convert the transfer function to a differential equation by cross-multiplying and 2. Take the inverse Laplace transform of it, assuming zero initial conditions. 3. Then we represent the differential equation in state space in phase variable form.

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    Example (Converting a Transfer Constant Term in Numerator): Function with

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    ANSWER:

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    Transfer function with polynomial on numerator:

    The denominator of the transfer function yields the state equations, while the numerator yields the output equation.

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    Example (Converting a Transfer Function with Polynomial in Numerator):

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space


    ANSWER:

    Converting a Transfer Function to State Space

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