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    Classification of Choppers

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    JPR EEE
    Class E choppers allow for four quadrant operation by using four thyristors (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4) and four diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4). By selectively turning the thyristors on and off, the chopper can control both the direction and magnitude of the output current and voltage, operating in the first, second, third, or fourth quadrants. Class E choppers can thus be used for bidirectional control of DC motors or other loads.

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    Classification of Choppers

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    JPR EEE
    2K views24 pages
    Class E choppers allow for four quadrant operation by using four thyristors (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4) and four diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4). By selectively turning the thyristors on and off, the chopper can control both the direction and magnitude of the output current and voltage, operating in the first, second, third, or fourth quadrants. Class E choppers can thus be used for bidirectional control of DC motors or other loads.

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    Class E choppers allow for four quadrant operation by using four thyristors (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4) and four diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4). By selectively turning the thyristors on and off, the chopper can control both the direction and magnitude of the output current and voltage, operating in the first, second, third, or fourth quadrants. Class E choppers can thus be used for bidirectional control of DC motors or other loads.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views24 pages

    Classification of Choppers

    Uploaded by

    JPR EEE
    Class E choppers allow for four quadrant operation by using four thyristors (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4) and four diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4). By selectively turning the thyristors on and off, the chopper can control both the direction and magnitude of the output current and voltage, operating in the first, second, third, or fourth quadrants. Class E choppers can thus be used for bidirectional control of DC motors or other loads.

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    Classification Of Choppers

    Choppers are classified as


    Class A Chopper Class B Chopper Class C Chopper Class D Chopper Class E Chopper

    1 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class A Chopper
    i0 Chopper V FWD
    L O A D

    v0

    v0 V

    i0

    When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the load. When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load current continues to flow in the same direction through the FWD. The average values of output voltage and current are always positive. Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
    3 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in which power always flows form source to load. It is used to control the speed of dc motor. The output current equations obtained in step down chopper with R-L load can be used to study the performance of Class A Chopper.
    4 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    ig

    Thyristor gate pulse t

    i0

    Output current CH ON t

    v0

    FWD Conducts Output voltage

    tON

    t T
    5

    Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class B Chopper
    D i0 R V Chopper E L v0 i0
    6 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    v0

    When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a direction opposite to that shown in figure. During the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores energy. When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and part of the energy stored in inductor L is returned to the supply.
    7 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Average output voltage is positive. Average output current is negative. Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second quadrant. In this chopper, power flows from load to source. Class B Chopper is used for regenerative braking of dc motor. Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.
    8 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    ig

    Thyristor gate pulse t

    i0

    tOFF T

    tON t Output current

    Imax Imin v0
    D conducts Chopper conducts

    Output voltage

    t
    9 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class C Chopper
    CH1 D1 i0 V CH2 Chopper E
    10 10 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    + R

    v0

    D2

    L v0 i0

    Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B Choppers. For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2 conducts. For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or D1 conducts. When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive. The output voltage is equal to V & the load receives power from the source. When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in inductance L forces current to flow through the diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
    11 11 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Current continues to flow in positive direction. When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces current to flow in opposite direction through L and CH2 . The output voltage is zero. On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the inductance drives current through diode D1 and the supply Output voltage is V, the input current becomes negative and power flows from load to source.
    12 12 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Average output voltage is positive Average output current can take both positive and negative values. Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON simultaneously as it would result in short circuiting the supply. Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor speed control and regenerative braking of dc motor. Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or step-down chopper.
    Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    13 13

    ig1

    Gate pulse of CH1 t Gate pulse of CH2 t

    ig2

    i0 Output current t
    D1 CH1 ON D2 CH2 ON D1 CH1 ON D2 CH2 ON

    V0

    Output voltage

    t
    14 14

    Class D Chopper
    v0 CH1 R i0 V + D1 v0 L E CH2 i0 D2

    15 15 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class D is a two quadrant chopper. When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and output current flows through the load. When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current continues to flow in the same direction through load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy stored in the inductor L. Output voltage vO = - V .
    16 16 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON time is more than the OFF time Average output voltage becomes negative if tON < tOFF . Hence the direction of load current is always positive but load voltage can be positive or negative.

    17 17 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    ig1

    Gate pulse of CH1 t

    ig2

    Gate pulse of CH2 t

    i0 Output current

    v0 V

    CH1,CH2 ON

    t D1,D2 Conducting Output voltage Average v0

    t
    18 18

    Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    ig1

    Gate pulse of CH1 t

    ig2

    Gate pulse of CH2 t

    i0 Output current CH1 CH2 D1, D2 v0 V Average v0


    Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    t Output voltage

    t
    19 19

    Class E Chopper
    CH1 D1 i0 + CH2 D2 R L CH3 E CH4 D4 D3

    v0

    20 20 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Four Quadrant Operation


    v0 CH2 - D4 Conducts D1 - D4 Conducts CH1 - CH4 ON CH4 - D2 Conducts i0 CH3 - CH2 ON CH2 - D4 Conducts D2 - D3 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
    21 21 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Class E is a four quadrant chopper When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output current iO flows in positive direction through CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V. This gives the first quadrant operation. When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2 and D3 in the same direction, but output voltage vO = -V.
    22 22 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant.


    When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load current iO flows in opposite direction & output voltage vO = -V. Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper operates in third quadrant.

    23 23 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

    When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load current iO continues to flow in the same direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage vO = V. Therefore the chopper operates in second quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative.

    24 24 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

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