This document discusses validity and reliability in research measurement. It defines validity as measuring the intended concept accurately, and reliability as the consistency of measurement. Validity ensures sound research conclusions while reliability is a necessary condition for validity. The document provides examples of different types of validity and reliability, and notes that they are usually complementary concepts in evaluating research instruments and conclusions.
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This document discusses validity and reliability in research measurement. It defines validity as measuring the intended concept accurately, and reliability as the consistency of measurement. Validity ensures sound research conclusions while reliability is a necessary condition for validity. The document provides examples of different types of validity and reliability, and notes that they are usually complementary concepts in evaluating research instruments and conclusions.
This document discusses validity and reliability in research measurement. It defines validity as measuring the intended concept accurately, and reliability as the consistency of measurement. Validity ensures sound research conclusions while reliability is a necessary condition for validity. The document provides examples of different types of validity and reliability, and notes that they are usually complementary concepts in evaluating research instruments and conclusions.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses validity and reliability in research measurement. It defines validity as measuring the intended concept accurately, and reliability as the consistency of measurement. Validity ensures sound research conclusions while reliability is a necessary condition for validity. The document provides examples of different types of validity and reliability, and notes that they are usually complementary concepts in evaluating research instruments and conclusions.
Copyright:
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Validity and Reliability
Validity and Reliability
There are two major criteria for evaluating
measurements (instruments): Validity
Have we measured the concept that we intend to measure? Validity is an indication of how sound your research is. Validity is the accuracy of your measurement.
Reliability
Is there consistency in our measurement?
Validity and reliability are usually complementary concepts.
Content
Validity (Are we measuring the right concept?)
Criterion Construct
Predictive (Independent Variable)
Goodness of Measure ( How well have you measured the concept?)
Criterion (Dependent Variable)
Stability ( overtime & situation)
Reliability ( Are the measures consistent and accurate?) Test-retest Alt-form
Consistency Split-Half Inter-item reliability
(How well the items are linked together as a set?)
Validity and Reliability
Please Note Reliability is a necessary condition for validity. Researchers often use the instruments tested earlier. Validity and reliability are the strengths of our
conclusion and inferences. Example
Weighing Machine
Purposes of Sampling There are two basic purposes of sampling:
To estimate population parameters To test hypothesis
Methods of Sampling Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster and multistage sampling
Selecting non-representative samples. This error may be the result of chance. Even if you are careful, this error will take place. The main protection against this kind of error is to use a larger enough sample.
Non-Sampling Error (Systematic Error)
Non-sampling error (also called bias) is a more serious problem.
This cannot be controlled by making the sample size bigger. Response Error Researcher Error (Population definition, measurement, data analysis) Interviewer Error (Respondent selection, questioning, cheating, recording) Response Error (unwillingness) Non-response Error Refusals Not-at-home
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A research proposal is a critical element in the research process. A research proposal is a contract between the researcher and the client for whom the research is being performed. The research proposal once accepted, becomes the blueprint for the implementation of the project.
The research proposal works as a benchmark against which the final outcome is assessed. A research proposal is a work plan, an outline, a framework, and a statement of intent.
A research proposal is an offer by the researcher
to the buyer.
to produce a research product, or to render a service.
A research proposal tells What, when, where and to whom the research will be done.
Expected output. Application of the output.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH PROPOSALS
Internal prepared by the staff of the organization. External submitted in response to a request for bid. Academic prepared for an academic degree.
Internal and external proposals have problemsolving orientation. Academic proposals focus on knowledge generation.
SOLICITED Vs UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS
A solicited proposal is developed in response to a request for proposal
(RFP).
It has to compete against several others. It concentrates on known problems. It proposes an appropriate research design to address the problem. Research objectives are known; therefore, problem statement is brief. Qualification, resources, budgets and schedules are emphasized.
An unsolicited proposal is a request to sponsor the project. It does not have to compete against others. Its difficulty is to find the problem facing the management. It lays greater emphasis on problem statement and
objectives. Qualification of the researcher is emphasized.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL MODULES
Executive Summary Background Information Statement of the Problem Literature Review Objectives, Research Questions, Hypotheses Importance, Significance or Need of the Study Research Methods Research Design Population and Sampling Data Analysis
Research Plan (House-keeping Arrangements)
Time-frame Budget and Resources Project Management Equipment and Instruments
Qualification of the Researchers References Appendices
Proposal Development Process
The management describes the problem and states the
management questions.
The researcher translates these management questions into
research questions.
These research questions are further elaborated into
investigative questions.
The draft research proposal is proposed.
The management and the researcher discuss the proposal; and
refine it.
The final research proposal is submitted. The proposal is approved.
The study begins.
Components of Academic Research Proposals
Title Background information Statement of the problem Literature review and theoretical framework Objectives Research questions or hypotheses Research methods References
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