Chapter 3: Matter-Properties and Changes: Section 3.4 Types of Matter Elements & Compounds

Chapter 3: MatterProperties and Changes
Section 3.4 Types of Matter Elements & Compounds
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object. It is different than weight which measures the amount of matter AND the gravitational pull on an object.
Now that youre an expert, which of the following is matter?

Matter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A book A house A thought Your brain Light Your cell phone Radio waves Not Matter
There is so many different kinds of matter, that we need to organize it.

Substances have a uniform and unchanging composition examples: salt,
water, sugar
Chemical symbols
Make it easy to write the formulas for chemical compounds Ex: salt water NaCl H2 O
Elements
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means 91 naturally occurring elements Symbolized by one capital letter or one capital letter and 1 lower case
ex: S = sulfur Na = sodium
In mid 1800s, no chart for organizing the elements that were known at the time
Dmitri Mendeleev--1869
-Organized the known elements into a table of rows and columns based on their similarities and masses.
Periodic table
Organized into horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called families Called periodic because properties of elements repeat as you move from period to period Mendeleevs table left blank spaces for elements yet to be discovered and predicted their properties
Compounds
A combination of 2 or more different elements that are combined chemically Most of the matter in the universe are compounds Ex: water (H2O), sugar (C12H22O11), salt (NaCl), aspirin (C9H8O4)
Compounds
Can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means Usually requires energy
Compounds
Properties of a compound are different from its component elements Ex: waterliquid at room temp.
Hydrogena colorless, tasteless gas Oxygena colorless, tasteless gas
Sodium chloride
As a compound, it is a white, unreactive solid that adds flavor to food Its component elements:
Chlorinepoisonous, pale, green gas
Sodiuma highly reactive element that fizzes in water
States of Matter
Classification based upon the following: Particle arrangement Energy of particles Distance between particles State of matter is dependent on temperature and pressure of the surroundings
3 states of matter
States of Matter
1. Solidhas a definite shape and volume exs: wood, desk, shoes, sugar -particles are tightly packed, incompressible
States of Matter
2. Liquidshave a constant volume,
-no definite shape -takes the shape of its container -particles are not held rigidly in place, allows material to flow
States of Matter
3. Gaseshave no definite shape or volume -particles are very far apart -particles are easily compressed
Section 3.3
Mixtures of Matter
Mixtures
A combination of 2 or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties.
Types of Mixtures
1. Heterogeneousindividual substances remain distinct
Types of Mixtures
2. Homogeneoushas a constant composition throughout -called a solution
Types of Solutions
Gas-gas: air Gas-liquid: soft drinks Liquid-gas: moist air Liquid-liquid: vinegar Solid-liquid: Crystal Light Solid-solid: steel (called alloysmixture of metals producing greater strength)
Separating Mixtures
1. Physical separation: hand selection or pouring through sieves
Separating Mixtures
2. Filtrationuses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
Separating Mixtures
3. Distillationbased on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved
Separating Mixtures
4. Crystallizationresults in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance
Separating Mixtures
5. Chromatography separating the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each to travel across the surface of another material.
Matter
Mixtures
Pure substances
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
Elements
Compounds
Dirt, blood, milk
Lemonade, gasoline, steel
Oxygen, gold, iron
Salt, baking soda, sugar
Section 3.1
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties of Matter

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the sample Properties such as density, color, odor, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point
Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types

1. Extensive: dependent on the amount of substance present --length, volume 2. Intensive: independent of the amount of substance present --density, melting point, boiling point --used to identify substances
Chemical Properties
Ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Conducts Forms dark blue electricity solution with Malleable ammonia Ductile Forms green compound when Reddish brown exposed to air Shiny Density = 8.92 g/cm3 Melting pt = 1085C Boiling pt = 2570C
Classify each as a physical or chemical property:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Iron and oxygen form rust. Iron is more dense than aluminum Magnesium burns brightly when ignited. Oil and water do not mix. Mercury melts at -39C.
Section 3.2
Changes in Matter
Physical Change
Changes in a substances appearance, not in composition
Types of physical changes:

Bend, grind, crumple Split, crush, twist
Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize

(changes of state or phase)
Chemical Changes
A change in the composition of a substance Also called a chemical change or chemical reaction Ex: rust, corrode, tarnish, rot, burn, ferment, explode, oxidize
becomes
The substance has changed.

becomes
Evidence of Chemical Change
2. Energy change: absorbed or released
3. Odor changes or production
4. Gas production 5. Precipitate formation
Classify each as a physical or chemical change:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A dead fish rotting Dissolving salt in water Boiling salt water until only salt remains Melting steel Bending steel Cracking ice
Section 3.3 & 3.4

Laws of Matter
Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reactionit is conserved. (Antoine Lavoisier)
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
Antoine Lavoisiera French scientist

o 1743-1794 o Father of Modern Chemistry
o One of the first to use an analytical balance
When you burn a big pile of wood, why do you only end up with a tiny pile of ashes?
In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of oxygen formed in the reaction?
Practice problemspg. 65 #6, 7, 9
Law of Definite Proportions

John Dalton A pure substance will always have the same percent by weight Ex: water (H2O) = 11.2 % hydrogen 88.8% oxygen
To find percent by mass:

Percent by mass = mass of element x 100 mass of compound
Analysis of sugar:
20.0 g sugar 500.0 g sugar
Carbon
8.44 g
42.2%
Carbon
211.0 g
42.2%
Hydrogen
1.30 g
6.5%
Hydrogen
32.5 g
6.5%
Oxygen
10.26 g
51.30%
Oxygen
256.5 g
51.30%
Therefore
Sugar always has the same proportions of ingredients If a substance has different proportions, it is a different substance
A 78.8 g sample of an unknown compound contains 12.4 g of hydrogen. What is the percent by mass of hydrogen in the compound?
Percent by mass =
mass of element x 100 mass of compound
Practice problemspg. 76 #21-24
Law of Multiple Proportions

When different compounds are formed using the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other element in small, whole number ratios.
Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide

CO CO2
O= C=
1 1
O= C=
2 1
Copper (I) chloride
Copper (II) chloride

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Chapter 3: MatterProperties and Changes

Section 3.4 Types of Matter Elements & Compounds

Now that youre an expert, which of the following is matter?

There is so many different kinds of matter, that we need to organize it.

Sodiuma highly reactive element that fizzes in water

Dirt, blood, milk

Lemonade, gasoline, steel

Oxygen, gold, iron

Salt, baking soda, sugar

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types

Classify each as a physical or chemical property:

Types of physical changes:

Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize

The substance has changed.

Evidence of Chemical Change

2. Energy change: absorbed or released

3. Odor changes or production

4. Gas production 5. Precipitate formation

Classify each as a physical or chemical change:

Section 3.3 & 3.4

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass of reactants = Mass of products

Antoine Lavoisiera French scientist

o One of the first to use an analytical balance

Practice problemspg. 65 #6, 7, 9

Law of Definite Proportions

To find percent by mass:

mass of element x 100 mass of compound

Practice problemspg. 76 #21-24

Law of Multiple Proportions

Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide

Copper (I) chloride

Copper (II) chloride

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