Program Memory Addressing Modes

Direct PMAM Relative PMAM Indirect PMAM

Direct Program Memory Addressing Mode

Early microprocessor used for all jumps and calls. Also used in high-level languages, BASIC, language, GOTO and GOSUB instruction. It is not frequently used It stores address with the opcode If a program jumps to a memory location 10000H for the next instruction, the address is stored following the opcode in the memory.

The

direct JMP is often called far jump because it can jump to any memory location for the next instruction. In the real mode a far jump accesses any location within the first 1MB by changing both CS and IP. In protected mode, the far jump accesses a new code segment descriptor from the descriptor table allowing it to jump to any memory location in the entire 4GB address range in the 80386 through core2 microprocessor.

In the 64-bit mode for the pentium4 and core2,a jump or call can be to any memory location in the system. The CS segment is still used, but not for the address of jump or the call. CS register contains a pointer to a descriptor that describes the access rights and privilege level of the code segment but not the address of jump.

The only other instruction that uses direct program addressing in the intersegment(is a jump to any memory location within the entire memory system) or far is CALL instruction. Usually ,the name of the memory address, called a label, refer to the location that is called or jumped to instead of the actual numeric address.

Relative Program Memory Addressing Mode

This mode is not available for early microprocessors. The term relative means relative to instruction pointer(IP) For example; if a jump instruction skips the next two byte of memory, the address in relation to the instruction pointer is a two that adds to the instruction pointer. This develop the address of the next program instruction.

Figure 315 A JMP [2] instruction. This instruction skips over the 2 bytes of memory that follow the JMP instruction.

Types of jump

Intersegment Jump It is a jump to any memory location within the entire memory system. Intrasegment Jump It is a jump anywhere with in the current code segment. Short jump Near jump Far jump

Types of jump

Near jump; A jump to an instruction within the current code segment (the segment currently pointed to by the CS register), sometimes referred to as an intersegment jump. (3-bytes) Short jump; A near jump where the jump range is limited to 128 to +127 from the current EIP value.(2-bytes) Far jump; A jump to an instruction located in a different segment than the current code segment but at the same privilege level, sometimes referred to as an intersegment jump.(outside 64 kb code segment)

Indirect Program Memory Addressing Mode

Microprocessor allows several forms of program indirect memory addressing for the JMP and CALL instructions. Extended register can also be used to hold the address or indirect address of a relative jump or call. 16-bit register holds the address of a JMP, the jump is near. If the relative register holds the address, the JMP is also considered to be an indirect jump.

For example: JMP [BX] Refer to the memory location with in the data segment at the offset address contained in BX. At this offset address is a 16-bit number that is used as an offset address in the Intrasegment jump. This type is sometimes called indirectindirect or double indirect jump.

Stack Memory Addressing Mode

Introduction
The stack plays an important role in all microprocessors. It holds data temporarily and stores the return address used by procedures. The stack memory is an LIFO (Last In First Out) memory. Which describes the way that data are stored and removed from the stack.

Data are placed on to the stack with a push instruction, And removed with a pop instruction. The call instruction also uses the stack to hold the return address for procedures and a RET (return) instruction to remove the return address from the stack.

Push Operation

The stack memory is maintained by two registers: the Stack Pointer (SP or ESP) and the Stack Segment register(SS). When ever a word of data is pushed on to the stack , the higher order eight-bits are places in the location addressed by sp-1. The lower-order 8 bits are placed in the location addressed by sp-2. The SP is then decremented by 2 so that the next word of data is stored in the next available stack memory location.

The SP/ESP registers always points to an area of memory located within stack segment . The SP/ESP register adds to SS x 10H to form the stack memory address in the real mode. In protected mode operation, the SS register holds a selector that accesses a descriptor for the base address of the stack segment.

Pop Operation

Whenever data are popped from the stack, the lower-order 8 bits are removed from the location addressed by SP. The higher-order 8 bits are removed from the location addressed by SP+1. The SP register is then incremented by 2. NOTE:: that push and pop stores or retrieve words of data ---never bytes--

THE 80386 AND ABOVE ALLOW WORDS OR DOUBLEWORDS TO BE TRANSFERRED TO AND FROM THE STACK. DATA MAY BE pushed onto the stack from any 16-bit register or segment register ; in the 80386 and above , from any 32-bit extended register . Data may be popped off the stack in to any register or any segment register except CS. The reason that data may not be popped from the stack into CS is that this only changes part of the address of the next instruction.