Vision Test
Vision Test
Vision Test
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Vision Tests
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Vision Tests
Vision tests check many different functions of the eye.
measure your ability to see details at near and far distances, check for gaps or defects in your field of vision, and evaluate your ability to see different colors.
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THE TESTS
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Why It Is Done?
Visual acuity tests may be done:
As part of a routine eye exam to screen for vision problems. How often you should have routine eye exams changes as you age. To monitor an eye problem, such as diabetic retinopathy. To determine if you need glasses or contact lenses to improve your vision. After an injury to the eye. When you obtain or renew your driver's license or for some types of employment.
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Snellen Chart
checks your ability to see at distances. uses a wall chart that has several rows of letters. The letters on the top row are the largest; those on the bottom row are the smallest.
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*Variant
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*Variant
presented by: > may be used as an alternative for those who cannot read (illiterate)
E Chart
tests the vision of children and people who cannot read. similar to the Snellen chart in that there are several rows, but all of the rows contain only the letter E in different positions. The top row is the largest and the bottom row of Es is the smallest. You will be asked to point in the same direction as the lines of the E.
*Similar charts use the letter C or pictures. These charts are also available in a handheld card.
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E Chart C Chart
(variant)
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20/100 (6/30).
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considered normal. A
person with 20/20 vision can see at 20 ft (6 m) what people with normal vision can see at
this distance.
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(continuation)
When the second number is smaller than the first number, the person's vision is better than normal. For instance, a person with 20/10 (6/3) vision can see from 20 ft (6 m) what people with normal vision can see from 10 ft (3 m). When the second number is larger than the first number, the person's distance vision is worse than normal. A person with 20/200 (6/60) vision or less in his or her best eye when wearing corrective lenses is considered legally blind.
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Near test
uses a small card (Jaeger chart) containing a few short lines or paragraphs of printed text to test your near vision. The size of the print gradually gets smaller. You will be asked to hold the card about14 in. (36 cm) from your face and read aloud the paragraph containing the smallest print you can comfortably read. Both eyes are tested together, with and without corrective lenses. This test is routinely done after age 40, because near vision tends to decline as you age (presbyopia).
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Jaeger Chart
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*Prank sample :)
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A Jaeger (J) number is another way to rate your near vision. The J number relates to the size of text you could read on the Jaeger chart. The J number goes up as the print size of the text you read goes up. The higher the J number, the worse your near vision. The
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For example: J1 means that you could read the smallest text on the chart and that you have 20/15 vision. J2 means the line of text you were able to read had larger print than J1, and your vision is 20/20. J3 means the line of text you were able to read had larger print than J1 and J2, and your vision is 20/40. presented by:
Refraction
Refraction is a test that measures the eye's need for a corrective lens (refractive error). For this test, you will be asked to describe the effects of looking at an eye chart through various corrective lenses. Your health professional may use eyedrops to widen (dilate) your pupils before you start this test. The eyedrops take about 15 to 20 minutes to dilate the pupil fully.
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Refraction
(continuation)
Using a retinoscope, your health professional may shine light into your eyes. A series of trial lenses will be placed in front of your eyes and adjusted until the light rays are properly focused on your retina. Testing one eye at a time, the health professional will ask you to compare the effects of two lenses (first one lens, then the other). You should state which lens of each pair gives you better vision. The health professional will continue to test your eyes with different lenses until it is determined which lenses correct your vision the best.
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Refraction: Process
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The vision level you achieve during the refraction test is called the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Abnormal results may be due to:
Astigmatism Hyperopia (farsightedness) Myopia (nearsightedness) Presbyopia (inability to focus on near objects that develops with age) Other conditions under which the test may be performed:
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Visual Field
Visual field tests are used to check for gaps in your range of vision. They can help detect eye diseases or nervous system problems that limit your ability to see objects clearly in the entire visual field or in one part of it. Several tests are commonly done to evaluate a person's visual field.
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Confrontation Test
Your health professional will sit or stand 2 ft (0.6 m) to 3 ft (1 m) in front of you. You cover one eye while fixing your gaze on his or her nose. He or she slowly moves a finger or hand from the outer edge of your visual field toward the center and from the center toward the edge through all areas of your visual field. You will focus your eye on your health professional's nose and signal when you first see his or her finger or hand. The test is then repeated for the other eye.
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Confrontation Test
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Amsler Grid
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Perimetry Testing
uses a machine that flashes lights randomly at various points in the visual field. You look inside a bowl-shaped instrument called a perimeter. While you stare at the center, lights will flash, and you press a button each time you see a flash.
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A computer records the location of each flash and whether you pressed the button when the light flashed in that location. At the end of the test, a printout shows any areas of your visual field where you did not see the flashes of light. In an alternative manual perimetry test, your health professional moves a light target and notes your visual field on paper
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Perimetry Test
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Tangent Screen
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Tangent Screen
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You may have vision loss in certain areas of the visual field if you are not able to see: Test objects during tangent screen testing. Movements or light flashes during perimetry testing.
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First, you are shown sample patterns and told what symbols and numbers you can expect to see. You then sit at a table and cover one eye. The health professional holds the color test patterns about 14 in. (36 cm) away from you. Some patterns are harder to pick out than others. As the health professional holds up a pattern, you will identify the number or symbol you see and trace it using a pointer. Some patterns may not have a number or symbol. The test is then repeated with the other eye.
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Eye Diseases
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Eye Diseases
Eyes are one of the senses that has an important function. When the sick senses of sight, then your activity will be disrupted. Eye diseases can be caused by several factors such as dust, viruses, or bacteria. Eye disease is usually caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread. To avoid the spread of sore eyes should identify a variety of eye pain, either infectious or noninfectious following:
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Conjunctivitis
also known as pinkeye is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid
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See your eye doctor if you have any of these symptoms of pinkeye. Your eye doctor will conduct an exam of your eyes and may use a cotton swab to take a sample of fluid from the eyelid to be analyzed in a lab. Bacteria or viruses that may have caused conjunctivitis, including those that can cause a sexually transmitted disease or STD, can then be identified and proper treatment prescribed.
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How Is P i n k e y e Treated?
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Trachoma
Trachoma (also called granular conjunctivitis or Egyptian ophthalmia) is a prolonged infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eye, usually in children who live in lesser-developed, hot, dry countries. Eye redness, watering, irritation, and, if severe, scarring and loss of vision may develop. Antibiotics are usually effective.
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Trachoma
results from infections with certain nonsexually transmitted strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is common in dry, hot countries in North Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
Trachoma
contagious in its early stages and may be transmitted by eye-hand contact, by flies, or by sharing contaminated articles, such as towels, handkerchiefs, and eye makeup.
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Symptoms
Trachoma usually affects both eyes. The conjunctivae (the membranes that line the eyelid and cover the white of the eye) become inflamed, red, and irritated, and the eyes water excessively. The eyelids swell. Sensitivity to bright light occurs.
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Trachoma
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Trachoma
In the later stages, blood vessels may gradually grow across the cornea (neovascularization), obstructing vision. In some people, the eyelid is scarred in such a way that the eyelashes turn inward (trichiasis).
As the person blinks, the eyelashes rub against the cornea, causing infection and often permanent damage. Impaired vision or blindness occurs in about 5% of people with people with trachoma.
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Diagnosis
Doctors suspect trachoma based on the appearance of the eyes and on the duration of symptoms. The diagnosis can be confirmed by sending a sample from the eye to a laboratory, where the infecting organism is identified.
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Prevention
Because the disease is contagious, reinfection commonly occurs. Access to water that is suitable for drinking (potable) can reduce reinfection. Regular hand and face washing helps prevent spread. Sharing towels, washcloths, bedding, and eye makeup should be avoided. Because flies can transfer the disease among people, places where flies can breed should be eliminated.
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consists of an antibiotic (such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or tetracycline) taken by mouth. Alternatively, tetracycline or erythromycin can be applied as an ointment. Doctors often give antibiotics to entire neighborhoods where there are many people with trachoma. If the condition damages the eyelid, conjunctiva, or cornea, surgery may be needed.
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Treatment
Diabetic Retinopathy
What is diabetic eye disease? Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of diabetes. All can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. Diabetic eye disease may include: Diabetic retinopathydamage to the blood vessels in the retina. Cataractclouding of the eye's lens. Cataracts develop at an earlier age in people with diabetes. Glaucomaincrease in fluid pressure inside the eye that leads to optic nerve damage and loss of vision. A person with diabetes is nearly twice as likely to get glaucoma as presented by: other adults.
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Macular Degeneration
Or Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a painless eye condition that leads to the gradual loss of central vision. Central vision is used to see what is directly in front of you, during activities such as reading or watching television for example. The central vision gradually blurs leading to symptoms including:
difficulty reading printed or written text (because it appears blurry) colours appear less vibrant difficulty recognising people's faces
usually affects both eyes, development can vary from eye to eye.
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Dry AMD
develops when the cells of the macula become damaged due to lack of nutrients and a build-up of waste products called drusens. It is the most common and least serious type of AMD accounting for around 9 out of 10 cases. The loss of vision is gradual, occurring over many years. However, an estimated 1 in 10 people with dry AMD will then go on to develop wet AMD.
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Wet AMD
develops when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells (doctors sometimes refer to wet AMD as neovascular AMD). more serious and without treatment, vision can deteriorate within days
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Treatment
currently no cure for dry AMD treatment is mostly based on helping a person make the most of their remaining vision, such as using magnifying lenses to help make reading easier. There is also limited evidence that eating a diet high in leafy green vegetables and fresh fruit can slow the progression of dry AMD.
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Wet MD can be treated with a medication called ranibizumab, which helps prevent further blood vessels developing. cases laser surgery can also be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels. Treatment for wet AMD does not always lead to improved vision, but can prevent vision from worsening. The sooner treatment is started the greater the chance of success.
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Thank you!
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Here is my secret. It is very simple: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye.
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Works Consulted
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders. Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
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