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    Body Mechanics

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    Louzaldy Earl Thornton
    Body mechanics refers to the efficient use of the body as a machine. Key concepts include body alignment, balance, coordinated movement, and joint mobility. Good body alignment optimizes musculoskeletal function and prevents strain. Balance is achieved through a wide base of support, low center of gravity, and line of gravity within the base. Coordinated movement uses large muscle groups and leverages the body efficiently. Joint mobility allows for the full, natural range of motion of joints.

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    Body Mechanics

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    Louzaldy Earl Thornton
    617 views42 pages
    Body mechanics refers to the efficient use of the body as a machine. Key concepts include body alignment, balance, coordinated movement, and joint mobility. Good body alignment optimizes musculoskeletal function and prevents strain. Balance is achieved through a wide base of support, low center of gravity, and line of gravity within the base. Coordinated movement uses large muscle groups and leverages the body efficiently. Joint mobility allows for the full, natural range of motion of joints.

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    all about orthopaedic nursing.

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    Body mechanics refers to the efficient use of the body as a machine. Key concepts include body alignment, balance, coordinated movement, and joint mobility. Good body alignment optimizes musculoskeletal function and prevents strain. Balance is achieved through a wide base of support, low center of gravity, and line of gravity within the base. Coordinated movement uses large muscle groups and leverages the body efficiently. Joint mobility allows for the full, natural range of motion of joints.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    617 views42 pages

    Body Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Louzaldy Earl Thornton
    Body mechanics refers to the efficient use of the body as a machine. Key concepts include body alignment, balance, coordinated movement, and joint mobility. Good body alignment optimizes musculoskeletal function and prevents strain. Balance is achieved through a wide base of support, low center of gravity, and line of gravity within the base. Coordinated movement uses large muscle groups and leverages the body efficiently. Joint mobility allows for the full, natural range of motion of joints.

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    BODY MECHANICS

    Body mechanics
    the efficient use of the body as a machine and as a means of locomotion concepts most helpful to the understanding of body mechanics:
    body alignment, balance, coordinated body movement, and joint mobility

    Body Alignment
    the geometric arrangement of body parts in relation to each other; synonymous with good posture benefits of good body alignment:
    optimal musculoskeletal balance and operation healthy physiologic functioning without undue strain on the joints, muscles, tendons, or ligaments in any position, e.g.:
    standing sitting lying

    application of correct body alignment when standing


    the head is held erect the face is in the forward position, in the same direction as the feet the chest is held upward and forward the spinal column is upright, and the curves of the spine are within normal limits the abdominal muscles are held upward and the buttocks downward

    application of correct body alignment when standing


    the knees are extended - not bent or hyperextended in the knee-locked position the feet are at right angles to the lower legs the line of gravity goes through the center of the knees and in front of the ankle joint the base of support is on the soles of the feet, and weight is distributed through the soles and heels

    application of correct body alignment when sitting


    the head is held erect, and the neck and vertebral column are in straight alignment the body weight is distributed on the buttocks and thighs both feet are supported on the floor; with short patients, a footstool is used a 2.5 cm - 5 cm (1 - 2 in) space is maintained between the edge of the seat and popliteal space on the posterior surface of the knee the forearms are supported on the arm rests, in the lap, or on a table in front of the chair

    balance
    the state of equilibrium in which opposing forces counteract each other concepts most helpful to understanding balance:
    base of support, center of gravity, and line of gravity

    Balance
    base of support
    the foundation on which an object rests

    center of gravity
    the point at which all of the mass of an object is centered located in the center of the pelvis about midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis

    line of gravity
    an imaginary vertical line drawn through an object's center of gravity and base of support

    Balance
    good balance is accomplished by:
    a wide base of support
    to widen the base of support, spread the feet further apart

    a low center of gravity


    to lower the center of gravity, flex the hips and knees until a squatting position is achieved

    a line of gravity through the center of gravity and base of support

    Balance
    conversely, poor balance is accomplished by:
    a narrow base of support a high center of gravity a line of gravity which falls near the edge of or outside of the base of support or is constantly changing

    coordinated body movement


    the production of balanced, smooth, and purposeful movement
    coordinated body movements are accomplished through the following:
    use of major muscle groups rather than weaker ones, e.g.:
    flexors, extensors, and abductors of the thighs flexors and extensors of the knees flexors and extensors of the upper and lower arms

    coordinated body movement


    use of the arm bones as levers and the elbows as fulcrums to facilitate lifting a weight against resistance (force of gravity) use of a pull sheet and smooth, dry, firm bed foundation to decrease the effect of friction which increases the amount of effort required to move an object working close to the object to be moved to decrease the effort involved

    coordinated body movements


    coordinated body movements are also accomplished through the integrative function of antagonistic, synergistic, and antigravity muscle groups
    antagonistic muscle groups
    muscle group that brings about movement at a joint by contraction of a prime mover and relaxation of its antagonist, e.g.:
    to flex the arm, the prime mover (biceps brachii) contracts while its antagonist (triceps brachii) relaxes to extend the arm, the new prime mover (triceps brachii) contracts while its new antagonist (biceps brachii) relaxes

    coordinated body movements


    synergistic muscle groups
    muscle group that brings about movement at a joint by strengthening the contraction of the prime mover, e.g.:

    to flex the arm, the contraction of the prime mover (biceps brachii) is strengthened by contraction of its synergist (brachialis)

    coordinated body movements


    antigravity muscle groups
    bring about and maintain an upright or sitting posture by contracting and/or relaxing to oppose the effect of gravity on the body e.g., extensors of the leg, gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris, muscles of the back

    postural reflexes
    coordinated body movements are also accomplished through the integrative functioning of postural reflexes, e.g.:
    labyrinthine sense
    assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting an individual to movement of the head in relation to gravity through stimulation of receptors in the semicircular canals in the inner ear

    postural reflexes
    visual or optic reflex
    assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting the brain of the spatial relationships within the environment (e.g., nearness of ceilings, walls, furniture, condition of floor) through stimulation of receptors in the visual special sense

    postural reflexes
    proprioceptive or kinesthetic sense
    assists in producing coordinated body movements by alerting the brain of the location of a limb or body part in space through stimulation of proprioceptive receptors in muscles, tendons, and fascia

    postural reflexes
    extensor or stretch reflex
    assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting the brain of the need to stimulate extensor muscles to reestablish an erect posture through stimulation of receptors in antigravity muscle groups

    postural reflexes
    plantar reflex
    assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting the brain of the need to stimulate extensor muscles of the lower legs though the stimulation of receptors in the soles of the feet

    joint mobility
    the complete extent of movement of which a joint (area when bone surfaces come into close contact with another or articulate) is normally capable

    types of joints
    synarthroidal immovable joints examples:
    skull sutures, epiphyseal plates, joint between first rib and manubrium of sternum

    types of joints

    amphiarthroidal
    slightly movable joints examples:
    vertebral joints, joint of the symphysis pubis

    types of joints
    diarthroidial
    freely movable joints
    consistent features of diarthroidial joints
    ability to move freely a fibrous joint capsule a joint cavity a synovial membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule lubricating synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane articular cartilage that covers the bony surfaces

    types of diarthroidial joints ball-and-socket


    ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of another bone examples:
    hip joint between the femur and pelvis

    types of diarthroidial joints


    condyloid
    oval-shaped condyle (protuberance at the end of a bone) fits into elliptical (oval, eggshaped) cavity of another bone
    examples:
    wrist joint between the radius and carpals

    types of diarthroidial joints

    gliding
    articular surfaces; usually flat
    examples:
    finger joints between carpal bones

    types of diarthroidial joints hinge


    spool-like surface fits into concave surface of another bone
    examples:
    elbow joint between the humerus and ulna and radius

    types of diarthroidial joints pivot


    arch-shaped structure rotates about rounded, or peg-like, pivot
    example:
    joint between the atlas and axis

    types of diarthroidial joints


    saddle
    saddle-shaped bone fits into a socket that is convex on one side and concave on the other
    example: thumb joint between the trapezium and metacarpal

    types of diarthroidal joint movements


    flexion
    decreasing the angle of the joint
    e.g., bending the elbow

    extension
    increasing the angle of the joint
    e.g., straightening the elbow

    types of diarthroidal joint movements


    hyperextension
    further extension or straightening of the joint
    e.g., bending the head backward

    abduction
    movement of the bone away from the midline of the body
    e.g., moving the leg out to the side

    types of diarthroidal joint movements


    adduction
    movement of bone toward the midline of the body
    e.g., moving the leg back to the other leg

    rotation
    movement of the bone around its central axis
    e.g., turning the head

    types of diarthroidal joint movements


    circumduction
    movement of the distal part of the bone in a circle while the proximal end stays fixed
    e.g., moving each leg up, to the side, and down in a circle

    eversion
    turning the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint

    circumduction
    movement of the distal part of the bone in a circle while the proximal end stays fixed
    e.g., moving each leg up, to the side, and down in a circle

    eversion
    turning the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint

    supination
    moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces upward when held in front of the body

    protraction
    moving a part of the body forward in the same plane parallel to the ground
    e.g., jutting chin out

    retraction
    moving a part of the body backward in the same plane parallel to the ground
    e.g., tucking chin in

    principles of body mechanics


    the wider the base of support, the greater the stability of the nurse the lower the center of gravity, the greater the stability of the nurse the equilibrium of an object is maintained as long as the line of gravity passes through its base of support the stronger the muscle group, the greater amount of work that can be safely done by it

    facing the direction of movement prevents abnormal twisting of the spine dividing balanced activity between arms and legs reduces the risk of back injury leverage, rolling, turning, or pivoting requires less work than lifting

    when friction is reduced between the object to be moved and surface on which it is moved, less force is required to move it reducing the force of work reduces the risk of injury maintaining good body mechanics reduces fatigue of the muscle groups alternating periods of rest and activity helps to reduce fatigue

    application of the principles of body mechanics


    develop a habit of erect posture (correct alignment) use the longest and the strongest muscles of the arms and the legs to help provide the power needed in strenuous activities use the internal girdle and a long midriff to stabilize the pelvis and to protect the abdominal viscera when stooping, reaching, lifting, or pulling work as closely at possible to an object that is to be lifted or moved use the weight of the body as a force for pulling or pushing

    slide, roll, push, or pull an object rather than lift it to reduce the energy needed to lift the weight against gravity use the weight of the body to push an object by falling or rocking forward and to pull an object by falling or rocking backward spread the feet apart to provide a wider base of support when increased stability of the body is necessary flex the knees, put on the internal girdle, and come down close to an object that is to be lifted

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