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    Lecture 12 Muscles: KK Chapter 10 (With Bits From Chapter 9), H&G Chapter 10

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    1) The document discusses different types of muscles including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are further divided into tonic, twitch, slow-twitch, and fast-twitch fibers. 2) It describes the origin and structure of muscles. Skeletal muscles originate from myotomes and mesenchyme while visceral muscles originate from the splanchnic layer. They contain connective tissue, fascicles, and striations. 3) Early tetrapods used side-to-side trunk undulations for locomotion like fish, but tetrapod trunk muscles are arranged dorsoventrally while fish are lateral.

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    Lecture 12 Muscles: KK Chapter 10 (With Bits From Chapter 9), H&G Chapter 10

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    bhavikrao7605
    39 views21 pages
    1) The document discusses different types of muscles including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are further divided into tonic, twitch, slow-twitch, and fast-twitch fibers. 2) It describes the origin and structure of muscles. Skeletal muscles originate from myotomes and mesenchyme while visceral muscles originate from the splanchnic layer. They contain connective tissue, fascicles, and striations. 3) Early tetrapods used side-to-side trunk undulations for locomotion like fish, but tetrapod trunk muscles are arranged dorsoventrally while fish are lateral.

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    BIOL 211 Introductory Vertebrate Zoology

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    12 - Muscles

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    1) The document discusses different types of muscles including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are further divided into tonic, twitch, slow-twitch, and fast-twitch fibers. 2) It describes the origin and structure of muscles. Skeletal muscles originate from myotomes and mesenchyme while visceral muscles originate from the splanchnic layer. They contain connective tissue, fascicles, and striations. 3) Early tetrapods used side-to-side trunk undulations for locomotion like fish, but tetrapod trunk muscles are arranged dorsoventrally while fish are lateral.

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    39 views21 pages

    Lecture 12 Muscles: KK Chapter 10 (With Bits From Chapter 9), H&G Chapter 10

    Uploaded by

    bhavikrao7605
    1) The document discusses different types of muscles including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are further divided into tonic, twitch, slow-twitch, and fast-twitch fibers. 2) It describes the origin and structure of muscles. Skeletal muscles originate from myotomes and mesenchyme while visceral muscles originate from the splanchnic layer. They contain connective tissue, fascicles, and striations. 3) Early tetrapods used side-to-side trunk undulations for locomotion like fish, but tetrapod trunk muscles are arranged dorsoventrally while fish are lateral.

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    Lecture 12 Muscles

    KK Chapter 10 (with bits from Chapter 9), H&G Chapter 10

    Muscle Functions
    Locomotion - Muscles cause movement by actively shortening. In skeletal muscles this results in bending of the trunk or of a joint in an appendage. Lengthening is passive, so muscles generally work in opposition. Tonus - muscles determine posture by resisting the force of gravity. Involuntary internal movements, e.g., heart beat, gut contractions. Generation of heat (endotherns) or electricity (in some fishes). Body form - muscles along with the skeleton largely determine the outline of the body

    General Categories of Muscles


    Skeletal (from myotomes and mesenchyme) - Axial (eyeball, trunk, tail) - Appendicular (limbs) - Branchial (pharynx, jaws) - Hypobranchial (throat, tongue)

    Visceral (from splanchnic hypomere) - Heart - Smooth muscles of the skin, gut, organs

    Origin of Muscles
    Skeletal muscles arise from the myotomes and from the somatic (outer) layer of the hypomere via mesenchyme.

    Visceral muscles arise from the splanchnic (inner) layer of the hypomere.

    KK 10.20, H&G 10.7

    Origin of Muscles 2
    The myotomes produce the myomeres or muscle blocks comprising the axial musculature of fish. The first three (4?) of these produce the extrinsic eye muscles, so we can say that these are serially homologous with the axial musculature. The next 4 myotomes in the neck region produce the muscles of the gills and jaws (branchial muscles). Myotomes behind these produce hypobranchial as well as axial muscles. KK 10.22, H&G 10.7

    Shark embryo KK 10.22, H&G 10.7

    Structure of Skeletal Muscles


    Connective tissue (tendons) attaches muscle to bone, surrounds the muscle (epimysium), and surrounds the fascicles of muscle fibres or cells (perimysium).

    Individual fibres = muscle cells. Myofibrils are subcellular.

    KK 10.2, H&G 10.2

    Striated Muscle Cells


    Skeletal muscle contains striated muscle cells. They are striated because myosin molecules in adjacent myofibrils are aligned. These cells are large, up to several cm long, multinucleate, and have peripheral nuclei. Their contractions are fast and voluntary.

    Cardiac Muscle Cells


    Cardiac muscle cells are branched and striated, with intercalated disks between the cells. Their rate of contraction is fast and their rhythm is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The cells are inherently contractile.

    KK 10.3, H&G 10.1

    Smooth Muscle Cells


    Smooth muscle cells are small (<1 mm), spindleshaped, involuntary (autonomic nervous system), and slow. They are found in the skin, blood vessels, urogenital system, respiratory tract, and gut.

    KK 10.4, H&G 10.1

    Muscle Tissue Types


    Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle

    Types of Muscle Fibres in Skeletal Muscle


    Muscle colour varies, from white to deep purply red/brown. This variation is largely caused by the amount of myoglobin, an iron-containing pigment which stores oxygen. This variation can be seen within species (e.g., trout, turkey) as well as among species. Tonic Fibres - slow contraction, unable to propogate stimulus. These provide tonus in appendages of non-mammals. Twitch Fibres - contract quickly, briefly (unless repeatedly stimulated), entirely. The stimulus is propagated along their entire length. Within the twitch fibres, there are slow-twitch fibres that contract slowly, but fatigue slowly. They have high myoglobin content (red), and perform slow or isotonic contractions in mammals. Fast-twitch fibres can be white or red, depending on whether they are required for sustained action.

    Axial Musculature of Fish


    Embryonic myotomes give rise directly to the axial musculature (myomeres) of fish. Myomeres are separated by myosepta, and separated into epaxial and hypaxial components by the horizontal septum. Extrinsic eye muscles are part of the axial musculature.

    KK10.24, H&G 10.8

    KK 10.23 Shark

    The Other Skeletal Muscles

    H&G 10.10, 10.11

    branchial hypobranchial KK 10.29a

    appendicular axial

    Fish swim with side-toside undulations using the trunk musculature. The same motions could have been used for terrestrial locomotion during the transition to land locomotion.

    Early tetrapods also use sideto-side undulations using the trunk musculature during locomotion as well as stepping motions of the limbs.
    KK 8.25

    Changes to Trunk Muscles in Tetrapods


    teleost Tetrapod trunk muscles are reduced and more dorso-ventral in orientation. Epaxial muscles are dorsal in position, and hypaxial muscles are lateral and ventral. Tonus in dorsal muscles counteracts the tendency of the trunk to sag. There are muscles under the ribs, which is never the case in fish. salamander

    KK 10.26 lizard

    In many mammals that are good runners, movement of the trunk is important, as it is in fish. But now the movement of the trunk is dorso-ventral rather than lateral.

    KK 9.42, H&G 24.3

    Cetacea (whales and dolphins), descendants of terrestrial running mammals who returned to the water, swim with dorso-ventral undulations of the body.

    KK 9.30, H&G 24.3

    KK 10.5

    The giraffe is an extreme example of a common trait of mammals that are good runners. The distal part of the limb is slender with little in the way of muscles. Movement of the distal parts of limbs is by muscles far away, attached by long tendons. Birds are similar.

    Branchial and Hypobranchial Muscles

    These operate the gills and jaws in fishes in fish.


    KK 10.37

    Facial muscles in mammals


    In mammals, the branchial musculature not only operates the jaws, but also assists in communication.

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