ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS.

INTRODUCTION
ELASTOMER REFERS TO THE GROUP OF RUBERRY POLYMERS, WHICH ARE EITHER CHEMICALLY PHYSICALLY CROSS LINKED. THEY CAN BE EASILY STRECHED AND EASILY RECOVERED THEIR ORIGINAL DIMENSION WHEN APPLIED STRESS IS REALESED. ADA SPECIFICATION NO:19

HISTORY

SUPPLY
Two component system supplied in paste form

SETTING REACTION
THROUGH A COMBINATION OF CHAIN LENGTHING POLYMERIZATION AND CHEMICAL CROSS- LINKING BY EITHER A CODENSATION REACTION OR ADDITION REACTION.

GENERAL PROPERTIES
WORKING AND SETTING TIME DIMENSIONAL STABILITY REPRODUCTION OF ORAL TISSUES RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ELASTICITY TEAR STRENGTH BIOCOMPATIBILITY SHELF LIFE

WORKING AND SETTING TIME

Working time measured at room temperature, setting time at mouth temperature. Test used: PENETROMETER , OSCILLATING RHEOMETER

METHODS TO DECREASE SETTING TIME/WORKING TIME INCREASES THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE VISCOSITY INCREASES THE CATALYST

METHODS TO INCREASE THE SETTING /WORKING TIME COOLING OF MATERIALS OR MIXING SLAB INCREASING THE BASE POLYSULPHIDE HAS INCREASED SETTING & WORKING TIME

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
An elastomeric material change dimensionally over time. 5 MAJOR REASONS POLYMERISATION SHRINKAGE: eg-polysulfide & condensation silicone LOSS OF BYPRODUCT: eg- condensation silicone THERMAL CONTRACTION IMBIBITION: eg-hydrophilic material like polyether VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR: eg- polysulfide

REPRODUCTION OF ORAL TISSUES EXCELLENT 25 microns wide line is easily reproduced

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
POLYSULFIDE HAS LOWEST VISCOSITY & LEAST STIFFNESS. POLYETHER IS MOST STIFF MATERIAL. ADDITION SILICONE & POLYETHER ARE PSEUDOPLASTIC . FREE FLOWING NATURE OF LIGHT BODY CONSISTENCY IS MOST DESIRABLE.

ELASTICITY
IMPORTANT TO MINIMISE THE DISTORTION TO ATTAIN MAXIMUM ELASTICITY THE CURING SHOULD BE COMPLETE AS FAR AS POSSIBLE IN THE MOUTH THE INCREASING ORDER OF PERMANENT DEFORMATION: ADDITION SILICONE < CONDENSATION SILICONE < POLYETHER < POLYSULFIDE

TEAR STRENGTH
ADEQUATE TEAR STRENGTH PRESENT.

BIOCOMPATIBILITY
ALL MATERIALS ARE BIOCOMPATIBLE EXCEPT SOME HYPERSENSITIVITY POTENTIAL OF POLYETHER CATALYST SYSTEM

SHELF LIFE
ALL MATERIALS SHOW GOOD SHELF LIFE OF 2 YRS OR MORE EXCEPT SILICONES ESPECIALLY CONDENSATION SILICONE DUE TO UNSTABLE NATURE OF ORTHO ETHYL SILICATE FOR BETTER SHELF LIFE MATERIAL SHOULD BE STORED IN DRY & COOL ENVIRONMENT TUBE SHOULD BE KEPT TIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE

PROPERTY WORKING TIME(MIN)

POLYSULFIDE 4-7

CON SILICONE 2.5 - 4

ADD SILICONE 2-4

POLYETHER 3

SETTING TIME
TEAR SRENGTH(N/m) CURING SHRINKAGE PERMANENT DEFORMATION STIFFNESS FLOW AFTER SETTING

7- 10
2500-7000

6-8
2300-2600

4-6.5
1500-4300

6
1800-4800

MODERATELY HIGH MODERATELY HIGH LOW MOD HIGH

HIGH

VERY LOW

LOW

MODERATE

VERY LOW

MODERATELY HIGH VERY HIGH VERY LOW

MOD LOW

MOD VERY LOW

FLEXIBILITY

LOW

MOD

LOW MOD

LOW

DETAIL REPRODUCTIO N WETTABILITY MULTIPLE CASTS

EXCELLENT

EXCELLENT

EXCELLENT

EXCELLENT

MOD NO

POOR NO

POOR- GOOD YES

GOOD NO

ODOUR
BY PRODUCTS DURING REACTION SHELF LIFE

NOT ACCEPTABLE
WATER

ACCEPTABLE
ETHANOL

ACCEPTABLE
HYDROGEN

ACCEPTABLE
NO

2 YRS(GOOD)

POOR

1-2 YRS

MORE

CLASSIFICATION
1.POLYSULFIDE 2.CONDENSATION SILICONE 3.ADDITION SILICONE 4.POLYETHER RECENT ADVANCE 5.VISIBLE LIGHT CURABLE POLYETHER URETHANE DIMETHACRYLATE

ADA CLASSIFICATION
.Based on elastic property and dimensional change of the set material.
TYPES MAX. PERMANENT DEFORMATION 2.5 2.5 3.5 MAX. FLOW IN MAX. COMPRESSION DIMENSIONAL CHANGE IN 24HRS 0.5 0.5 2.0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.5

1. 2. 3.

EACH TYPE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO 4 ( DEPENDING ON VISCOSITY ): 1. LIGHT BODY 2. MEDIUM BODY 3. HEAVY BODY 4. PUTTY

Chemistry and composition

Also known as MERCAPTAN or THIOKOL. First used impression material.

Main Ingredient:
Multi-functional mercaptan[-SH] or polysulfide polymer.

COMPOSITION
A. BASE PASTE Sulphur approx. ( .5% ) accelerates reaction.

Liquid polysulfide polymer : 80 85 % (Main ingredient)

Lithopone / titanium dioxide : 16 18 % (filler)

Dibutyl phthalate (plasticizer) B. CATALYST /ACCELERATOR PASTE Lead dioxide : 60 68% (oxidising agent)

Fillers and plasticizers : 30 38%

Oleic and stearic acids : 2% ( retarder) Deodorants decrease unpleasant odour.

SETTING REACTION
Chain initiating agent:
LEAD OXIDE (alternative to lead oxide; organic hydro peroxide(eg:teritary butyl hydro-peroxide)& calcium hydroxide is used. by oxidation of terminal -

1.Chain lengthining
SHgroups

predominate and result in increased viscosity.

2.Crosslinking
SH groups.

by oxidation of pendant

gives elastic properties to the material.

Factors affecting setting reaction

Polymerisation reaction is exothermic . ( 3 to 4 degree celsius ). Increase in moisture and temprature , increases polymerisation .

Water is a by product , hence its loss result in decreased dimensional stability

MODE OF SUPPLY
As two pastes in collapsible tubes : 1. Base paste ( white ) 2. Accelerator / catalyst paste ( grey / brown ) due to lead oxide . Available in 3 viscosity : Light Medium heavy

COMMERCIAL NAMES
PERMLASTIC( lead oxide system ) COE FLEX ( lead oxide system ) OMNI FLEX ( copper hydroxide )

TRAY ADHESIVES
BUTYL RUBBER / STYRENE / ACRYLONITRILE dissolved in volatile solvents such as chloroform / ketone .

A. BASE PASTE Alpha , omega hydroxy terminated poly di-methyl

siloxane : main polymer . Micro sized fillers ( between 5-10micrometers) 35% ( low consistency ) and 75% ( putty ). Colouring agent

B. CATALYST ( liquid or paste )

Tetra ethyl ortho silicates : Main reactant and cross- link agent . Stannous octoate : catalyst . If paste , thickenning agent added .

SETTING REACTION
Main polymer Alpha , omega- hydroxy terminated poly di-methyl siloxane . Cross linking agent tri and tetra functional alkyl silicates such as tetra ethyl ortho silicate in presence of stannous octoate . Reaction can be effected at room temprature . ROOM TEMPRATURE VULCANISATION (RTV)
Cross linkage between terminal groups of silicone polymers and alkly silicate to form a 3-d structure. By product , ethyl alcohol later evaporates and causes contraction in set mass.Thus dimensionally unstable . REACTION IS EXOTHERMIC ( 1 DEGREE C )

: paste form : paste / one liquid / two liqiuds Available in three viscosities : - light / medium / putty

MODE OF SUPPLY

COMMERCIAL NAMES
SPEEDEX COLTEX XANTOPREN

TRAY ADHESIVE
POLY DI-METHYL SILOXANE / similar reactive siloxane : bonds with rubber . Ethyl silicate : creates physical bond with impression tray .

ADDITION SILICONE
Also known as POLY VINYL SILOXANE / POLY SILOXANE impression materials . Polymer is terminated with vinyl groups and cross linked with silane groups ( hydride group)

COMPOSITION
A. BASE PASTE
Poly ethyl hydrogen siloxane or other siloxane pre polymers. ( low mol.wt. ). Fillers ( 5 10 micro meters ) surface treated for compatibility & reinforced.

B. CATALYST
Divinyl polydi-methyl siloxane or other siloxane pre- polymers . Catalyst of the so called KARSTEDT type (PEP 1,3 divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane ) Retarder Fillers Colouring agents
.

SETTING REACTION
Addition reaction , no by product . Better dimensional stability . Secondary reaction may occur between moisture and residual and hydrides of base polymer resulting hydrogen gas evolution which create pin-point voids in gypsum casts . To avoid this , pouring of impression should be delayed by one hour . Platinum or paladium scavenger decrease release of hydrogen . Platinum salt catalyst . Epoxy dies - should not be poured until the impression has stood overnight . ( gypsum ST << ST of epoxy dies ) .

MODE OF SUPPLY
Base and catalyst in paste form .

COMMERCIAL NAMES
AQUASIL REPROSIL PRESIDENT

TRAY ADHESIVE
POLY ( DI METHYL SILOXANE ) ETHYL SILICATE

POLYETHER
Introduced in Germany in late 1960 s. First elastomer developed primarily to function as an imp. Material . Poly ether based polymer

COMPOSITION
A. BASE PASTE :
POLYETHER POLYMER COLLOIDAL SILICA Filler GLYCOETHER / PTHALTE - plasticizer

B.CATALYST :
ALKYL AROMATIC SULFONATE cross linking. FILLERS in less conc. than base PLASTICIZERS COLOURING AGENT Thinner in separate tubes octyl phtalate . Thickening agent 5% methyl cellulose.

SETTING REACTION
Cured by the reaction b/w the aziridine rings at the ends of branched polyether molecules . Main chain co-polymer of ethylene dioxide or tetra hydro furan . Cross linking by initiator AROMATIC SULFONATE ESTER With alkyl groups. Cross linking by cationic polymerisation via imine end groups . Exothermic reactions ( 4 5 degree c ).

MODE OF SUPPLY
Base and catalyst in paste form . A third tube containning thinner . Available in three viscosities : - light -medium -heavy

COMMERCIAL NAMES
IMPREGUM F RAMITEC

AUTOMATIC DISPENSING& MIXING SYSTEM

For - light& medium consistency -vinyl poly siloxanes - condensation silicone - poly ether SHEAR- THINNING BEHAVIOUR used First material used in this method addition silicone Dual cartridge gun with mixing spiral tips used

advantages
More accurate proportioning More uniform mix Less air bubbles incorporated Reduced mixed time

DYNAMIC MIXING DEVICES

Mixing tip

AUTOMIX

Tray preparation
Custom trays preferred decrease dimensional changes of material Uniform space of 2- 4 mm between tray& tissue ( wax spacer is given ) Stock trays for poly ether & addition silicone Tray adhesives required Perforations for mechanical locking ( prevent separation of material from tray)

Ct- byte impression tray 4 implant planning to prevent scattering from implant machine.

LIGHT DIFFUSING DUAL IMPRESSION FOR TAKING BOTH UPPER& LOWER ARCH

 single mix / single viscosity/ monophase technique Multiple mix/dual viscosity technique Reline technique / putty wash

 Monophase materials polyether& addition silicone Pseudoplastic property of medium viscosity materials used Single mix acts as both syringe& tray material If loaded on tray low shear forcehigh viscosity Syringe loaded high shear force low viscosity

SINGLE MIX

MULTIBLE MIX
Two different consistensies of the same material used Heavy body in tray & light body in syringe Same procedure as single mix

RELINE TECHNIQUE
primary impression with Putty material on stock tray Scrape off layer of material / place poly ethylene spacer during this Iight body placed in putty impression& make final impression

 Follow manufactures instructions Prodding with blunt instrument if complete recovery to original dimension, setting is over Remove with quick jerk / steady force

Removal of impression

 Poly ether is hydrophilic disinfect cautiously ( <10 minutes) 2% gluteraldehyde ( 10 minute ) chlorine compounds ( 2-3 minutes ) &iodophor Spray /immersion used

Disinfection

USES
In FPD & RPD & complete denture, as impression material Poly ether for border molding Bite registration paste Die material for indirect composites

One step bracket procedure in orthodontics

POLYSULFIDE
Advantages: Long working time High tear strength Margins easily reproduced Modest cost Disadvantages Requires custom tray Stains clothing Olenoxious odour To be poured within 1 hour

CONDENSATION SILICONE
Advantages Custom tray not necessary Clean & pleasant Good working time Disadvantages High curing shrinkage Volatile byproducts- shrinkage Low tear strength Hydrophobic Poured immediately

ADDITION SILICONE
advantages Monophase material No custom tray Automix dispensor Clean & pleasant Ideally elastic Repeated pouring possible Moist field OK

Disadvantages Hydrophilic poor detail reproduction Low tear strength Too stiff putty High cost

POLYETHER
Advantages Fast setting Clean automixing dispensor dimensional stability Delayed pouring& multiple pouring possible Good shelf life

Disadvantages Very stiff Undercuts should be blocked Better taste Absorbs water Leaches components High cost Custom tray required