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    Hellp Syndrome

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    Diena Harisah
    This document discusses HELLP syndrome, a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, classification systems, differential diagnosis, and management of HELLP syndrome. Management involves anticipating the diagnosis, evaluating maternal and fetal conditions, controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions, fluid balance, hematotherapy, timing of delivery, intensive postpartum care, and advising on future pregnancies.

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    Hellp Syndrome

    Uploaded by

    Diena Harisah
    836 views41 pages
    This document discusses HELLP syndrome, a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, classification systems, differential diagnosis, and management of HELLP syndrome. Management involves anticipating the diagnosis, evaluating maternal and fetal conditions, controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions, fluid balance, hematotherapy, timing of delivery, intensive postpartum care, and advising on future pregnancies.

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    This document discusses HELLP syndrome, a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, classification systems, differential diagnosis, and management of HELLP syndrome. Management involves anticipating the diagnosis, evaluating maternal and fetal conditions, controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions, fluid balance, hematotherapy, timing of delivery, intensive postpartum care, and advising on future pregnancies.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    836 views41 pages

    Hellp Syndrome

    Uploaded by

    Diena Harisah
    This document discusses HELLP syndrome, a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, classification systems, differential diagnosis, and management of HELLP syndrome. Management involves anticipating the diagnosis, evaluating maternal and fetal conditions, controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions, fluid balance, hematotherapy, timing of delivery, intensive postpartum care, and advising on future pregnancies.

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    The HELLP Syndrome A Therapeutic Challenge

    JOHN ESSIEN M.D. JESSICA BARDALES MITAC M.D. J.M RODRGUEZ FERNNDEZ M.D. EMILIO ORTEGA CALLAVA M.D.
    HOSPITAL GINECOBSTTRICO PROVINCIAL CAMAGEY.

    Pre-eclampsia - Is a multisystemic, idiopathic disorder specific to the pregnancy and puerperium of the human species. It is characterized by the clinical triad of:
    Hypertension Proteinuria Edema

    Literature dating from the XIXth century report:


    Very unusual varieties of severe preeclampsia with complicated progress.
    These unusual descriptions of preeclampsia are recognised today as the HELLP Syndrome.

    Today:
    HELLP Syndrome is considered to be an association of characteristic hepatic and hematologic disorders.

    WEINSTEIN(1982)

    HELLP

    HEMOLYSIS

    EL

    ELEVATED LIVER ENZYMES

    LP

    LOW PLATELETS

    The reported incidence


    Elevated mortality. perinatal

    2 a 12 %.
    and

    morbidity

    Maternal Mortality

    35%.

    HELLP SYNDROME : POSIBLE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CAUSAL AGENTES : Increase in volume., Fetal presence / decidual cell?, Vasospasm?, Deficiente vascular repair?, Idiopathic? Vasculo-endothelial Disorder Platelet Agregation/Consumption Fibrin Activation/Consumption

    Selective organic Isquemia/nsuficiency

    Variable Manifestations

    Other Factors to consider :


    ERITHROCYTIC MORPHOLOGY

    PLATELET DISORDERS
    RENAL COMPROMISE HEPATIC DISORDERS

    IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
    GENETIC DISORDERS

    The Causal Factors induce:


    Thrombocytopenia
    Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

    Periportal necrosis and distension of the livers Glissons capsule.

    DIAGNOSIS
    MID-II TRIMESTRE FIRST DAYS POSTPARTUM Antepartum diagnosis is made in 70% between 27 and 37 weeks of gestation.

    Criteria for establishing the

    diagnosis of the HELLP Syndrome


    Hemolysis Abnormal peripherical blood smear Elevated Bilirubin >1.2 mg/dl Elevated liver enzymes SGOT >72 UI / L LDH >600 UI / L

    Low Platelets Platelet Count < 100 103 /mm3

    We can also observe:


    Excessive body weight increase . Pulse pressure amplification. Systole pressure > 140 mmHg, but diastole pressure < 90 mmHg. Ophthalmic disorders -Minor alterations -Cortical blindness (amaurosis) -Retinal detachment -Vitreous hemorrhage.

    We can also observe: Elevation of Biomarkers: -HCG -Maternal alfa-fetal protein -LDH -Serum Haptoglobin

    The presence of these disorders in an hypertensive woman with epigastric and/or right hypochondrial pain, nausea, vomiting; as well as hemolysis, will help in making the right diagnosis.

    Clasification of the HELLP Syndrome based on the platelet count (MISSISSIPPI)1.

    Class 1 Platelet count <50 000/mm3.

    Class 2 - Platelet count between 50 000 y 100 000/mm3. Class 3 - Platelet count <between 100 000 y 150 000/mm3.

    Hemolysis + Liver disfunction *LDH 600 UI/l *ASAT (SGOT) and/or ALAT (SGPT) 40 UI/l *ALL HAVE TO PRESENT
    1Magann

    E.F., Martn J.N. Twelve Steps to Optimal Management of HELLP Syndrome. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999. Vol. 42 No. 3: 532-50.

    Another classification based on the partial or complete expression of the HELLP Syndrome(MEMPHIS)1.

    Complete HELLP *Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in women with severe preeclampsia *LDH 600 UI / L *SGOT 70 UI/l * Thrombocytopenia < 100 000/mm3 PARTIAL HELLP One or two of the above.

    Differential Diagnosis of the HELLP Syndrome THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHIES -Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia induced by sepsis or drugs - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome FIBRINOGEN CONSUMPTION DISORDERS CID -Acute fatty liver -Sepsis - Severa Hypovolemia / Hemorrhage (Abruptio/Amniotic fluid embolism) CONNECTIVO TISSUE DISORDERS -Systemic Lupus Erithematosus

    Differential Diagnosis of the HELLP Syndrome


    *PRIMARY RENAL DISEASE Glomerulonefritis *OTHERS Hepatic encephalopathies Viral hepatitis Hyperemesis Gravidarum Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Renal calculi Peptic ulcer Pielonephritis Apendicitis Diabetes Mellitus

    HELLP SYNDROME: Risk Factors for maternal morbidity.

    LABORATORY Platelets< 50.000 LDH >1400 UI/L CPK > 200 UI/L ALT > 100 UI/L AST > 150 UI/L Creatinine > 1.0

    CLNICAL Epigastric pain Nauseas Vomitng Eclampsia Severe hypertension Abruptio Placentae

    MANAGEMENT OF THE HELLP SYNDROME

    1. ANTICIPATE THE DIAGNOSIS

    2. EVALUATE THE MATERNAL CONDITION


    3. EVALUATE THE FETAL CONDITION 4. CONTROL THE HYPERTENSION 5. PROFILAXIS OF CONVULSIONES WITH MgSO4 6. WATER AND ELECTROLITIC BALANCE 7. HEMOTHERAPY 8. MANAGEMENT OF LABOR AND DELIVERY 9. OPTIMIZE PERINATAL CARE 10.INTENSIVE POSTPARTUM TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT 11.BE ALERT FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE

    12.ADVISE ON FUTURE PREGNANCY

    The Maternal Condition can be

    evaluated by:
    Complete Hemogram. If platelets<150.000/mm3 requieres more study. Liver Enzymes. The elevation of the transaminases and LDH is a sign of hepatic disfunction. Renal function. Deficencies in renal function are observed in late stages of the illness. Creatinine and Uric acid levels are variable.

    Bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is increased due to the hemolysis but rarely above 1-2 mg%. Serial evaluation laboratory parameters every 12 to 24 hours or more if necessary. Differential diagnosis with othere pathologies.

    Evaluating the Fetal Condition


    Determine the gestational age. Evaluate fetal well-being: Non-stress test, Tolerance to contracction test and/or biophysical profile. Use corticosteroids between 24 and 34 weeks to improve fetal pulmonary maturity/neonatal pulmonary function as well as maternal and perinatal results.

    Controlling the hypertension


    80-85% of patients with HELLP need control of their BP to avoid significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Treat systolic BP when>150mmHg and avoid placental hypoperfusion maintaining the diastolic BP not less than 80-90 mmHg.

    Choice of hypotensive medication


    Hydralazine: Bolus of 5-10 mg IV every 20-40 min. If uneffective or unavailable, use labetalol, nifedipine o sodium nitroprussiate.

    Labetalol: Initial bolus of 20 mg IV, with


    increases in dosage until a satisfactory BP is obtained or up to maximum dose of 300 mg. Nifedipina oral(not sublingual) at usual dosage.

    Sodium Nitroprussiate is a fast acting hypotensive agent(venous and arterial) which can be used in an hypertinsive crisis when all other hypotensive drugs have failed Loading dose: 0,25 g/kg/min, increasing upto 10 g/kg/min. Above this dose there is a greater risk of cyanide intoxication of the fetus. When using, remember its photosensitivty and sever rebound effect.

    Preventing Convulsions
    MgSO4: Initial bolus of 4-6g IV, followed by a continous infusion at 1,54g/h, individualized according to the patient. Continue 48 horas o more postpartum until clinical and laboratory signs of improvement are obtained. If contraindications of MgSO4 exist, use Phenytoin. Loading dose: 15 mg/kg at 40 mg/min with continous monitorization of the cardiac function and BP every 5 minutes. The therapeutic range is 10-20 g/ml.

    Water and Electrolytic Management Objectives: -diuresis of 30-40ml/h. -Limit intake of liquids to 150ml/h. -Balance of electrolytes. REMEMBER
    NEGATIVE BALANCE=vasoconstriction.

    damage Monitorization of volume through pulmonary capilar wedge pressure

    EXCESIVE POSITIVE BALANCE= pulmonary

    Hemotherapy
    The base of hemotherapy in patients with HELLP is the transfusion of platelets.

    The usual dose is one unit per every 10 kg of corporal weight. Spontaneous bleeding occurs in most cases with a platelet count of <50.000/mm3.

    Hemotherapy
    To avoid postpartum hemorrhage in a transvaginal delivery the indication for platelet transfusion is a count <40.000/mm3. In the immediate postpartum periodo : Maintain the count >50.000/mm3 abdominal deliveries and >20.000/ mm3 in transvaginal deliveries.

    Hemotherapy
    The aggresive use of Dexamethasone in patients with HELLP and severe thrombocytopenia has eliminated virtually all need for platelet transfusion. Other therapeutic alternatives: -Plasmaphersis -Immunoglobulins

    Management of labor and delivery


    When considering termination of gestation in a patient with HELLP, determine: Gestational age. Maternal and fetal conditions. Fetal presentation. Cervical maturity

    Management of labor and delivery


    If transabdominal delivery is requiered, perform: Vertical skin incision. Corporeal incision of the uterus (due to scarse development of the inferior segment and abnormal presentationes). Spontaneous delivery of the placenta to avoid hemorrhage

    Optimizing perinatal care.


    The main risk for the fetus in pregnancies with HELLP is its prematurity. The use of corticosteroids decreases the morbidity associated with pulmonary immaturity in preterm babies. Delivery should be in a center with capability of treating these children with a major risk of cardiopulmonary instability.

    Postpartum Intensive Care.


    (1) (2) (3) (4) Admision in an obstetrical intensive care unit until: Sustained increase in the platelet count and a maintained decrease in LDH. Diuresis >100ml/h for 2 consecutive hours without duiretics. Well controled BP with systolic pressure 150 mmHg and diastolic pressure < 100 mmHg. Obvious clinical improvement and absence of complications. The absence of improvement of the thrombocytopenia within 72-96 hours postpartum indicates severe compromise of compensatory mechanisms and possibel MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.

    Postpartum Intensive Care - The use of Dexamethasone ANTEPARTUM: (0,15mg/kg)10mg IV bid - when Platelets <100.000/mm3 - if Platelets 100.000-50.000/mm3 AND Eclampsia, Severe Hypertension, Epigastric Pain POSTPARTUM: 10mg IV bid for 2 dosis, then 5mg bid for 2 additional doses: - when steroids were used in antepartum - suspend when there is clinical and laboratory improvement (platelets >100.000mm3, decreased LDH, diuresis >100 ml/h)

    Be on the lookout for:


    Signs of multiple organ failure.
    Complications: Subcapsular Hematoma Subcapsular hepatica hemorrhage Hepatic Rupture.

    Therapeutic solutions: - Conservative Procedures - Surgery.

    Advising on future pregnancies.


    The risk of recurrence of preeclampsia eclampsia is 4243% and for the HELLP syndrome: 19-27%. The risk of recurrence of preterm delivery is high, about 61%.1

    Conclusions
    HELLP Syndrome and its management still poses a problem in modern obstetrics Precise diagnosis and early treatment with non-mineral corticosteroides such as Dexamethasone may help achieve favorable maternal and perinatal results.

    THANK YOU!

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