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    Wastewater Characterization: NC Subsurface Operator School

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    Ahmed AL-Chadrchi
    This document provides an overview of wastewater characterization and treatment processes. It discusses what wastewater is, where it comes from, and its common constituents. Key points include: Wastewater comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources; it contains pollutants like nutrients, pathogens, and oils; strength is measured through tests like BOD, TSS, and pH. Treatment methods are physical, chemical, and biological and include sedimentation, filtration, and the use of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common onsite systems like septic tanks, drainfields, and advanced treatment units are described. The goal of treatment is to protect public health and the environment by removing pathogens and reducing pollutants before

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    Wastewater Characterization: NC Subsurface Operator School

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed AL-Chadrchi
    75 views62 pages
    This document provides an overview of wastewater characterization and treatment processes. It discusses what wastewater is, where it comes from, and its common constituents. Key points include: Wastewater comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources; it contains pollutants like nutrients, pathogens, and oils; strength is measured through tests like BOD, TSS, and pH. Treatment methods are physical, chemical, and biological and include sedimentation, filtration, and the use of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common onsite systems like septic tanks, drainfields, and advanced treatment units are described. The goal of treatment is to protect public health and the environment by removing pathogens and reducing pollutants before

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    D Overview of WW and Systems 2009

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    This document provides an overview of wastewater characterization and treatment processes. It discusses what wastewater is, where it comes from, and its common constituents. Key points include: Wastewater comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources; it contains pollutants like nutrients, pathogens, and oils; strength is measured through tests like BOD, TSS, and pH. Treatment methods are physical, chemical, and biological and include sedimentation, filtration, and the use of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common onsite systems like septic tanks, drainfields, and advanced treatment units are described. The goal of treatment is to protect public health and the environment by removing pathogens and reducing pollutants before

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    75 views62 pages

    Wastewater Characterization: NC Subsurface Operator School

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed AL-Chadrchi
    This document provides an overview of wastewater characterization and treatment processes. It discusses what wastewater is, where it comes from, and its common constituents. Key points include: Wastewater comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources; it contains pollutants like nutrients, pathogens, and oils; strength is measured through tests like BOD, TSS, and pH. Treatment methods are physical, chemical, and biological and include sedimentation, filtration, and the use of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common onsite systems like septic tanks, drainfields, and advanced treatment units are described. The goal of treatment is to protect public health and the environment by removing pathogens and reducing pollutants before

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 62

    Wastewater Characterization

    NC Subsurface Operator School

    Introduction to Wastewater Treatment


    What is wastewater? Where does it come from? Whats in it? Why do we treat it? How can we measure it? What are the treatment processes involved?

    What is Wastewater?

    Used water and water-carried solids

    Domestic Wastewater

    Industrial Wastewater

    How many sources?

    Household

    Wastewater produced by one household Components vary day to day


    Wastewater produced by multiple households Higher values More constant

    Community

    Domestic Wastewater

    Commercial

    Schools Restaurants Other businesses

    Domestic Wastewater

    Food preparation Restroom (sinks, toilets) Laundry

    uniform in color and composition gray in color and musty smelling unusual colors or odors indicate abnormal discharges

    Industrial Wastewater

    Manufacturing processes Car wash facilities

    variable in composition may contain high levels of chemicals or toxic substances pretreatment & industrial inputs can affect color/odor

    Whats in Wastewater?

    Pollutants or constituents of concern


    organics/inorganics solids pathogens

    Whats in Wastewater?

    Pollutants or constituents of concern


    nutrients metals persistent organic chemicals fats, oils, grease

    Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG)

    Animal or vegetable-based FOG

    Residential/Commercial kitchens

    Degradable by microorganisms

    Petroleum-based FOG
    Industry/automotive repair Personal care products

    NOT readily broken down by microorganisms

    Wastewater strength

    How much treatment is required? What is the effluent quality at different stages of treatment? Has wastewater been successfully treated? Are we compliant with regulations?

    Methods of measurement

    Solids analyses (TSS) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Dissolved oxygen (DO) Pathogens pH Nutrients

    TSS and BOD

    Most common expression of WW strength TSS

    Sample, dry and weigh amounts

    BOD
    Test performed over 5 day period Amount of oxygen needed for biological treatment

    Solids Analyses

    Total suspended solids (TSS)


    Sample filtered through pre-weighed filter Filter and residue dried at 103-105 degrees C Increase in weight of filter represents TSS

    Biochemical Oxygen Demand

    Amount of oxygen consumed by microbes during decomposition of organic matter High BOD means high levels of organics Domestic wastewater ranges from 100 to 300 mg/L BOD

    COD

    Amount of organic matter oxidized by a strong chemical oxidant Also oxidizes additional compounds that microorganisms dont decompose

    Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

    Concentration of O2 dissolved in water


    Measure with meter and probe or colorimetric kit An indication of treatment efficacy

    Fecal Coliform

    Indicator organism

    cultured in standard tests to indicate contamination

    pH
    Measures acid or base quality of water
    pH of domestic wastewater ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 rapid changes can kill bacteria

    Nutrients

    Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)


    NH3+ plus organic N What has been mineralized already plus organic sources not yet broken down

    Total Nitrogen NH4+ NO3

    After septic tank

    Flow

    Design flow

    Based upon projected flow from facility

    Bedrooms, seats, people

    Actual average daily flow


    Varies considerably Average daily flow >70% of design is a red flag

    Wastewater Treatment Processes


    Oxygen use Physical Chemical Biological

    Wastewater Treatment Processes: Oxygen use

    Aerobic - growing with or needing oxygen


    aerobic bacteria require O2 to live and grow aerobic treatment processes require O2 to proceed anaerobic bacteria grow in absence of O2 anaerobic treatment processes occur in absence of O2

    Anaerobic - growing without oxygen


    Different populations of organisms supported by each condition

    Wastewater Treatment Processes: Physical


    Settling and floatation Soil filtration and sedimentation


    aerobic conditions required, wastewater flows through smaller pores removes large particles, pathogens, SS

    Dispersion and dilution


    wastewater mixes with groundwater less concentrated, lower hazard but doesnt remove pollutants

    Wastewater Treatment Processes: Chemical

    Cation exchange and adsorption


    waste constituents bond with soil particles slows rate of movement through soil allows use by plants and microorganisms

    Precipitation
    solids that forms out of solution important for phosphorus removal

    Wastewater Treatment Processes: Biological

    Natural die-off

    occurs when pathogens are held in nutrient poor aerobic conditions

    Predation

    natural soil organisms attack and destroy pathogen bacteria and viruses
    bacteria break down organic matter into water and CO2 reduces BOD, removes pathogens works best in aerobic conditions

    Biological oxidation

    Wastewater Treatment Processes: Biological


    Mineralization

    microbial breakdown of organic N to inorganic forms uptake of inorganic N by microorganisms conversion of organic N to NH4+ conversion of NH4+ to NO3- and NO2reduction of NO3- to N2 gas

    Immobilization

    Ammonificaiton

    Nitrification

    Denitrification

    Treatment Standards

    Primary

    Tank and effluent screen


    Media filters and ATUs

    Secondary

    Tertiary
    P and N removal Pathogen removal

    Parameter* CBOD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) NH4-N (mg/L) TN (mg/L)

    NSF-40 <25 <30

    TS-I <15 <15 <10

    TS-II <10 <10 <10 <20 or >60% removal

    Fecal coliform (colonies/100ml)

    <10,000

    <1,000

    *CBOD: Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand TSS: Total Suspended Solids NH4-N: Ammonium nitrogen TN: Total nitrogen (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) plus nitrate- and nitrite-Nitrogen)

    Why Treat Wastewater?

    Public health problems disease and toxic effects Environmental damage Surface and groundwater pollution Keep housing affordable

    Environmental impacts of improper treatment

    Toxicity Damage to aquatic plants and animals Kill fish or render unfit to eat Decrease attractiveness for recreational use

    Environmental Impacts (cont.)

    Suspended solids Increase turbidity of surface waters Reduce efficiency of treatment systems
    Further

    environmental degradation

    Introduction to Onsite Wastewater Systems

    Parts of a subsurface system

    Source Collection systems Primary treatment Advanced treatment Disinfection Distribution Dispersal

    Source

    Flow Constituents

    Collection Systems

    A collection system

    gathers wastewater from sources conveys it to treatment system components may include:

    sewer lines, force mains, manholes, pumps, holding tanks

    Types of collection systems


    Gravity Pressure Combined

    Basic Types of Onsite Wastewater Systems used in North Carolina

    Basic Gravity System Components

    Source Distribution Box Drainfield

    Septic tank with effluent screen

    Aerobic Soil

    Shallow placement drainfield


    Suitable Fill
    Drainlines and Gravel

    Aerobic Soil

    Water Table

    Gravel at grade

    Areal Fill (Mound) drainfield


    Suitable Fill
    Drain lines and Gravel

    Aerobic Soil

    Water Table

    Installation of mound

    Pressure-dosed gravity
    Source

    Pump Tank

    Drainfield

    Septic Tank with effluent screen

    Soil

    Basic LPP System Components


    Source

    Pump Tank

    LPP Laterals

    Septic Tank with Effluent screen

    Aerobic Soil

    Basic Drip Irrigation System Components (Direct ST Effluent)


    Source Pump Tank
    Headworks assembly
    Drip Laterals and supply and return manifolds

    Septic Tank with Effluent screen

    Aerobic Soil

    Basic Drip Irrigation System Components (Aerobic effluent)


    Source
    Media filter and possible recirculation

    Drip Laterals and supply and return manifolds

    Septic Tank with Effluent screen

    Pump Tank

    Headworks assembly

    Aerobic Soil

    System Modifications: Drainage

    Interceptor Drain

    Interceptor Drain

    Ditching
    WT before ditching

    WT after ditching

    Ditch must have an outlet

    Perimeter Drainage

    WT before Drainage

    WT

    Advanced Treatment
    Media filters and ATUs

    Types of media used in filters

    Sand or gravel (special characteristics) Peat Textile Expanded polystyrene Plastic

    Flow Regimes

    Single Pass
    Recirculating

    Type A pressure-dosed single-pass filter treatment train


    Septic tank From source Pump tank

    Soil treatment area is a bed under the filter

    Media Filter

    Bed

    Type B pressure-dosed single-pass treatment train


    Septic Tank From source Pump Tank

    Separate soil treatment area

    Media filter with a sump

    Type B recirculating filter treatment train


    Recirculation tank w/ pump vault and flow splitter

    From house

    P
    Septic Tank

    Separate soil treatment area

    Recirculating media filter

    ATUs

    Extras in this section

    Basic treatment train diagrams

    Questions?

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