Power line communication utilizes existing power lines to transmit data by using power line modems. It provides a way to connect homes to a high-speed network without installing new wiring. The technology was first developed in the 1920s when patents were filed to transmit communication signals over power lines. A power line modem acts as both a transmitter and receiver, modulating data to send over power lines and demodulating received data. Power line communication has applications for utilities like automatic meter reading and for home uses such as automation, entertainment, and security systems by transmitting data signals along electrical wiring.
Power line communication utilizes existing power lines to transmit data by using power line modems. It provides a way to connect homes to a high-speed network without installing new wiring. The technology was first developed in the 1920s when patents were filed to transmit communication signals over power lines. A power line modem acts as both a transmitter and receiver, modulating data to send over power lines and demodulating received data. Power line communication has applications for utilities like automatic meter reading and for home uses such as automation, entertainment, and security systems by transmitting data signals along electrical wiring.
Power line communication utilizes existing power lines to transmit data by using power line modems. It provides a way to connect homes to a high-speed network without installing new wiring. The technology was first developed in the 1920s when patents were filed to transmit communication signals over power lines. A power line modem acts as both a transmitter and receiver, modulating data to send over power lines and demodulating received data. Power line communication has applications for utilities like automatic meter reading and for home uses such as automation, entertainment, and security systems by transmitting data signals along electrical wiring.
Power line communication utilizes existing power lines to transmit data by using power line modems. It provides a way to connect homes to a high-speed network without installing new wiring. The technology was first developed in the 1920s when patents were filed to transmit communication signals over power lines. A power line modem acts as both a transmitter and receiver, modulating data to send over power lines and demodulating received data. Power line communication has applications for utilities like automatic meter reading and for home uses such as automation, entertainment, and security systems by transmitting data signals along electrical wiring.
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INTRODUCTION
o It is an approach to utilize the existing power
lines for the transmission of information. o In todays world every house and building has properly installed electricity lines. o By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network access point without installing new wirings.
HISTORY The idea of using an existing medium to send the communication signals is as old as the telegraph itself. The first significant step in the field was when two patents were issued to American Telephone and Telegraph Company in the name of 'Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits' in 1920. After four years later in 1924 two other patents were filed for the systems transmitting and receiving communication signals over three phase power lines.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The communication device used for the communication over the power lines is a MODEM, commonly known as Power Line MODEM (PLM). It works as both transmitter and receiver, i.e., it transmits and receives data over the power lines. A power line modem not only modulates the data to transmit it over the power lines but also demodulates the data it receives from the power lines. PLCC MODEM/TRANSCEIVER
APPLICATIONS THROUGH PLCC
Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the electrical transmission and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate. Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home control and automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for activities like power management, energy conservation, etc. Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home. Communication: Data transmission for different types of communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of PLCC technology. Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful. Automatic Meter Reading Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station.
PLCC IN TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONTINUED. PLCC IN LV NETWORK PLCC NETWORKING SCENARIO PLCC TECHNOLOGY IN HOME AUTOMATION
Highly person dependant. Human errors cannot be avoided. Energy audits performed based on bill collection which is highly inaccurate. Billing done mainly on estimated/ monthly average basis. Billing cycle requires excessive time. Issues with Stand-alone meter reading
AUTOMATIC METERING
Automatic Meter Reading Outage Manageme nt Pre-payment Sub- Metering Revenue Protection Automatic Metering Active Load Control SMART METERING : AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEAPFROG PAST
CURRENT DIGITAL SOLID STATE High Accuracy Control LIMITED Communications External Theft Detection Moderate LEAPFROG NEXT GENERATION SMART METER Very High Accuracy Control FULL Communications Built in (on chip) Theft Detection High (Network level)
PRIMARY COMPONENTS FOR PLCC SYSTEM:
Meter Interface Module
Communication System
Central Office Equipment
METER INTERFACE MODULE The AMR system starts at the meter. Some means of translating readings from rotating meter dials, or cyclometer style meter dials, into digital form is necessary in order to send digital metering data from the customer site to a central point. Electro - optical interface Signal Processing Electronics RAM & Program Memory DATA CONCENTRATOR UNIT (DCU) The Data Concentrator sits on the loop of secondary of the distribution transformer. Collects meter readings from all the meters using Power Line Communication System at predefined intervals. The DCU and all the meters connected to it can be considered as a sub-system. The sub-system is set up with a DCU monitoring the low voltage power zone downstream of a Distribution Transformer.
PLCC Communication System
AMR ARCHITECTURE
RF/ PSTN / Modem RF/PSTN / Modem
Meter 1 Meter 1 Meter 1
Meter 2 Meter 2 Meter 2 Meter 3 Meter 3 Meter 3
Meter 4 Meter 4 Meter 4
Meter 5 Meter 5 Meter 5
Meter n Meter n Meter n
Central Office Host Computer Station. Distribution Transformer 2. Distribution Transformer 3.
Distribution Transformer 1. Data Cocentrator Unit DCU 2
Data Cocentrator Unit DCU 3
Data Cocentrator Unit DCU 1 P L C C
P L C C
P L C C
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMR SYSTEM FSK MODULATION CENTRAL OFFICE EQUIPMENTS---
Modems. Central server. Client Software for data acquisition and data analysis. DIFFERENT BANDS FOR PLCC
Band
Frequency Range
Usage 3KHz 9KHz This range is restricted to the Energy Providers.(No letter description exists due to the fact that, this band was defined at a later stage.) A-Band 9KHz-95KHz Restricted to the energy providers and their concession holders B-Band 95KHz-125KHz Restricted to the energy providers customers. There is no access rule defined for this frequency range. C-Band 125KHz-140KHz Restricted to energy providers customers. Simultaneous operations on multiple systems are possible for this frequency band, A protocol named Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocol is defined for this using a frequency of 132.5KHz. D-Band 140KHz-148.5KHz Restricted to customers. No access protocol is defined for this band. IMPORTANT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS IN PLC COMMUNICATION
Noise on Residential Power Circuit (RPC): A variety of noises may occur during the communication caused by the home appliances.
Signal to Noise Ratio: Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measurement of quality of the signal. It indicates the amount of the noise in a signal. SNR can be formulated in the following way: SNR = Received Power / Noise Power
Signal Attenuation: A signal attenuation of about 100dB/Km occurs for low voltage power lines and 10dB/km for high voltage lines. It creates a need of continuous repeaters over a fixed distance. A number of factors that are responsible for signal attenuation include distance, time, frequency of the signal, etc.
ELECTRIC COMPANY BENEFITS CUSTOMER BENEFITS Precise consumption information. Clear and accurate billing. Automatic information and faster recovery. Better and faster customer service. Flag potential high consumption before customer gets a high bill.
DISADVANTAGES Power line communication is quite different in characteristics than the conventional dedicated wirings. Comparatively, it is a harsh medium and data transfer through it can create a lot of problems. Household appliances like halogen tubes, washing machines, televisions, etc. can become prone to an unpredictable noise and interference in the transmission. Continuous plugging and unplugging of electronic devices makes power line characteristics vary constantly.