Digital Photogrammetry 7
Digital Photogrammetry 7
Digital Photogrammetry 7
Fundamentals
Photogrammetric image procesing are developed and
applied in the fields of image acquisition, preprocessing and segmentation.
Methods:
Image measuring
Line following
Image matching
Object recognition
Gaussian shmooted
Dimension +30%
Compression
Lossless
compression
Lossy
compression
Image pre-processing
Histogram
Provides the frequency distribution of the pixel values in the
image
aS g
pS g
M
Relative frequency
Min,Max
contrast
Mean, variance
entropy, simmetry
255
H pS g log 2 pS g
g0
Contrast enhancement
Manipulating brightness and contrast of an image results
in a change of the pixel value distribution, for example
along an image edge.
Histogram equalization
Filter operations
Smoothing filters (low-pass filter) are mainly used for
pixel noise suppression.
1 1 1
1
H3,3 1 1 1
9 1 1 1
1 2 1
1
H 3,3 2 4 2
16
1 2 1
1 4 6 4 1
4
16
24
16
4
1
6 24 36 24 6
H 3,3
256
4 16 24 16 4
1
4
6
4
1
x2 y2
1
f (x, y)
exp
2
2
2
2
Smoothing filter
Smoothing filter
Morphological operators
Morphological operators
Sequential application of dilatation and erosion can be
used.
Edge extraction
Edge are primary images structures used by human
visual system for object recognition.
Charachteristics
Edge extraction
First order differential filter
s' x
s x x s x
ds
lim
dx x0
x
ds x, y ds x, y
grad s
,
dx
dy
ds x, y 2 ds x, y 2
dx
dy
ds x, y
dx
ds x, y
dy
s' x
s x1 s x
1
1 0 1
H x 2 0 2
1 0 1
Sobel operator
Hy
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 2 1
Edge extraction
Second order differential filter
s x x s x s x s x x
d2 s
s x 2 lim
d x x0
(x)2
''
s x
''
s x1 s x s x s x1
1
d2 s d2 s
s x s
2
2
dx
dy
''
Laplacian filter
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
4
1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Edge extraction
Laplacian of Gaussian filter
Laplacian filter is senitive to
noise a better results would be
expected if the image is
smooted in advance with a
gaussian filter.
Hough Transform
The hough transform is
based on the condition that
all point on an nalytical curve
can be defined by one
common set of parameters.
r xcos ysin
Based on that fact, the straight
line y = mx + b can be
represented as a point (r, ) in
the parameter space
Sample
Robustness
Geometric Image
transformation
The term rectification denotes a general modification of pixel coordinates
e.g. for:
Projective rectification
orthophoto production
Texture mapping
s x, y G x, y
'
'
'
'
Geometric Image
transformation
Stereo image rectification
Remove outliners
Rectify images
Geometric Image
transformation
Geometric Rectification
Raw remotely sensed data gathered by satellite or aircraft are representations of
the irregular surface of the Earth. Remotely sensed images are distorted by both
the curvatures of the Earth and the sensor being used. The process of shifting pixel
locations to remove distortion is known as rectification or georectification.
Spatial interpolation
Intensity interpolation
The geometric relationship between the input pixel coordinates (column and row; referred
to as x, y) and the associated map coordinates of this same point (X, Y) must be
identified.
Polynomial equations are used to convert source file coordinates into the referencing map
coordinates
Geometric Image
transformation
nearest neighbor,
cubic convolution.
NEAREST NEIGHBOUR
Nearest neighbour resampling uses the digital value from the pixel in
the original image which is nearest to the new pixel location in the
corrected image. This is the simplest method and does not alter the
original values, but may result in some pixel values being duplicated
while others are lost. This method also tends to result in a disjointed
or blocky image appearance
BILINEAR INTERPOLATION
CUBIC CONVOLUTION