Chapter 1

MEM 320 Fluid Dynamics I
Catalog Description:
Covers equation of motion for compressible flow;
static, total, and stagnation concepts; onedimensional isentropic, normal shock, including
Fanno and Rayleigh flows and choked flow; twodimensional supersonic flow, including PrandtlMeyer flow and oblique shocks; analysis and design
of compressible flow devices, including supersonic
nozzles, diffusers, wind tunnels, inlets, and
combustors
1
Continuum fluid mechanics
Inviscid (Viscous
Compressible
Incompressible
Incompressible
Compressible
Fluid flows can also be classified under regimes :
Laminar ----- motion of laminae or layers

Turbulent ----- random three-dimensional motion of fluid
particles superimposed on the mean motion
M 320 we
shall primarily focus on Inviscid Compressible Flows (Gas Dyna
2
Gas Dynamics
(Will this be different from fluid
dynamics?)
Gas dynamics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics

concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects
on physical systems
Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics, gas dynamics arises from the studies of
gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights.
The studies in gas dynamics are often defined with gases
flowing around or within physical objects at speeds
comparable to or exceed the speed of sound and causing
a significant change in temperature and pressure.
3
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Gas
Dynamics,
2nd Ed, Zucker and Biblarz
Review of Elementary Concepts
Expected student background:

calculus) + elementary
mathematics (through
thermodynamics (for
stationary systems)
elementary fluid mechanics
(helpful but not essential)
Chapters 2 and 3 (text): Extension of the laws of
thermodynamics in flow
systems
Using the mass unit of lbm:
ma
gc
Using the mass unit of slug (less common):
1 slug = 32.2 lb m
9
SI Units
2
(1.0 kg). (1.0 m/sec )

1.0 Newton
gc
2
(1.0 kg). (1.0 m/sec )

gc
1.0 Newton
kg.-m
=1.0
Newton sec 2
10
Density, mass and specific volume do not depend on the

value of local gravity.
Weight and specific weight do depend on gravity.
the symbol is also used for expressing the ratio of the
11
12
13
14
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being
deformed by either shear stress.
u
y
15
all see very little of viscosity in Chapters

16
17
R:
individual gas constant
R:
universal gas constant
R
R
m
where m is the molecular weight of the gas
18
R:
universal gas constant

1545.3 ft-lb f / lbmole R
8.314 J/kg-mol-K
R
m
Molecular weights of common gases
R
Air
28.96
Argon
39.944
CO
28.01
CO 2
44.01
He
4.0
H2
2.0
N2
28.01
O2
32.00
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Thermal equilibrium
27
28
First Law statements
29
Heat and work are path functions (i.e. they are functions of how the
system gets from one state point to another)
q
Hence the symbols
and w
For a stationary (non-flow) system;
30
e : total energy
h : enthalpy
2
V
g
eu
z
2 gc gc
h u pv
31
32
Clausius statement:
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a body of lower
temperature to a body of higher temperature.
.
Kelvin Statement
No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat from a
reservoir and its complete conversion into work.
This means it is impossible to extract energy by heat from a high-temperature energy
source and then convert all of the energy into work. At least some of the energy must be
passed on to heat a low-temperature energy sink. Thus, a heat engine with 100%
efficiency is thermodynamically impossible.
leads to the establishment of a property, viz. entropy
33
Reversible process: A process in which

both the system and its surroundings can
be restored to their original state.
The second law recognizes the degradation of energy
quality by irreversible effects
Irreversible effects: internal fluid friction, heat
transfer through a finite temperature difference,
pressure non-equilibrium between a system and its
surroundings
34
ssuming reversible process
NOTE: Equations (1.40) and (1.41) only contain

properties (point functions) and are valid for all
35
processes, reversible or not
36
For constant specific heats

(normally valid over a range
of temperatures)
37
Is also used as specific weight

38
property entropy was introduced earlier via E
39
40
n 1
n0
n 1
n0
isothermal
isobaric
isothermal
isobaric
n
n
isentropic
isochoric
n isentropic
n
isochoric
41
Summary of Chapter 1.
Review of basic concepts of thermodynamics and
mathematics
What to expect in Chapters 2 and 3

Extension of the laws of thermodynamics in flow
systems
42

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MEM 320 Fluid Dynamics I

Continuum fluid mechanics

Fluid flows can also be classified under regimes :

Laminar ----- motion of laminae or layers

Gas dynamics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics

Review of Elementary Concepts

Expected student background:

Using the mass unit of lbm:

Using the mass unit of slug (less common):

(1.0 kg). (1.0 m/sec )

(1.0 kg). (1.0 m/sec )

Density, mass and specific volume do not depend on the

all see very little of viscosity in Chapters

individual gas constant

universal gas constant

universal gas constant

First Law statements

For a stationary (non-flow) system;

Reversible process: A process in which

ssuming reversible process

NOTE: Equations (1.40) and (1.41) only contain

For constant specific heats

Is also used as specific weight

property entropy was introduced earlier via E

What to expect in Chapters 2 and 3

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