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    Articulations (Seeley 8) Lect - 9

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    samivan27
    This document describes the different types of joints in the human body, including classes based on connective tissue and degree of motion. It details the characteristics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Specific joints like the temporomandibular joint, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are examined in terms of their structural features and types of movement allowed. Accessory structures that support joints are also outlined.

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    Articulations (Seeley 8) Lect - 9

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    samivan27
    85 views88 pages
    This document describes the different types of joints in the human body, including classes based on connective tissue and degree of motion. It details the characteristics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Specific joints like the temporomandibular joint, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are examined in terms of their structural features and types of movement allowed. Accessory structures that support joints are also outlined.

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    Joints and articulations

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    Articulations( Seeley 8) Lect _9

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    This document describes the different types of joints in the human body, including classes based on connective tissue and degree of motion. It details the characteristics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Specific joints like the temporomandibular joint, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are examined in terms of their structural features and types of movement allowed. Accessory structures that support joints are also outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    85 views88 pages

    Articulations (Seeley 8) Lect - 9

    Uploaded by

    samivan27
    This document describes the different types of joints in the human body, including classes based on connective tissue and degree of motion. It details the characteristics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Specific joints like the temporomandibular joint, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are examined in terms of their structural features and types of movement allowed. Accessory structures that support joints are also outlined.

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    You are on page 1of 88

    Chapter 8

    Joints and Movement

    8-1

    8.1 Classes of Joints


    Structural: based on major connective tissue
    type that binds bones
    Fibrous
    Cartilaginous
    Synovial

    Functional: based on degree of motion


    Synarthrosis: non-movable
    Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
    Diarthrosis: freely movable
    8-2

    Fibrous Joints
    Characteristics
    United by fibrous connective tissue
    Have no joint cavity
    Move little or none

    Types: Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

    8-3

    Fibrous Joints: Sutures


    Opposing bones interdigitate.
    Periosteum of one bone is
    continuous with the periosteum
    of the other.
    Sutural ligament: two periostea
    plus dense, fibrous, connective
    tissue between.
    In adults may ossify completely:
    synostosis.
    Fontanels: membranous areas in
    the suture between bones. Allow
    change in shape of head during
    birth and rapid growth of the
    brain after birth.
    8-4

    Coronal
    suture

    Sagittal
    suture

    Sutures
    Lambdoid
    suture

    Squamous
    suture

    Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses


    Bones farther apart
    than suture and joined
    by ligaments
    Some movement may
    occur
    Examples: radioulnar
    (interosseus
    membrane)

    8-6

    Syndesmoses

    Radioulnar joint

    Tibiofibular joint

    Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses


    Specialized joints
    Pegs that fit into sockets
    Periodontal ligaments:
    hold teeth in place
    Inflammations
    Gingivitis leads to
    Periodontal disease

    8-8

    Gomphoses

    Cartilaginous Joints
    Unite two bones by means of cartilage
    Types
    Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage
    Symphyses: fibrocartilage

    8-10

    Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses


    Joined by hyaline
    cartilage
    Little or no movement
    Some are temporary and
    are replaced by synostoses
    Some are permanent
    Some like costochondral
    joints develop into
    synovial joints
    Examples: Epiphyseal
    plates, sternocostal,
    sphenooccipital
    8-11

    Synchondroses

    Sternocostal
    joint

    Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses


    Fibrocartilage uniting two bones
    Slightly movable
    Examples: symphysis pubis, between the manubrium
    sternum and the body of the sternum, intervertebral disks.

    8-13

    Manubriosternal

    Intervertebral

    Sympheses

    Xiphisternal

    Symphysis pubis

    Synovial Joints
    Contain synovial fluid
    Allow considerable movement
    Most joints that unite bones of
    appendicular skeleton reflecting greater
    mobility of appendicular skeleton
    compared to axial
    Complex
    8-15

    Synovial Joints
    Articular cartilage: hyaline; provides smooth surface
    Joint cavity: synovial; encloses articular surfaces
    Capsule
    Fibrous capsule: dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with fibrous
    layer of the periosteum. Portions may thicken to form ligaments.
    Synovial membrane and fluid: membrane lines inside of joint capsule
    except at actual articulation of articular cartilages. Thin, delicate. Sometimes
    separated from fibrous capsule by areolar C.T. and fat, sometimes merged
    with fibrous.

    Synovial fluid: complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat


    and cells. Hyaluronic acid- slippery.
    No blood vessels or nerves in articular cartilages; nutrients from
    nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid
    Nerves in capsule help brain know position of joints
    (proprioception)
    8-16

    Synovial Joints

    8-17

    Accessory Structures
    Bursae
    Pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend
    from the joint. Found in areas of friction
    Bursitis

    Ligaments and tendons: stabilization


    Articular discs: temperomandibular,
    sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular
    Menisci: fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee.
    Tendon sheaths: synovial sacs that surround
    tendons as they pass near or over bone
    8-18

    Types of Synovial joints


    Uniaxial: occurring around one axis
    Biaxial: occurring around two axes at right
    angles to each other
    Multiaxial: occurring around several axes

    8-19

    8-20

    Plane and Saddle Joints


    Plane or gliding joints
    Uniaxial. some rotation
    possible but limited by
    surrounding structures
    Example: intervertebral,
    intercarpal, acromioclavicular,
    carpometacarpal,
    costovertebral, intertarsal,
    sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal

    Saddle joints
    Biaxial
    Example: thumb
    (carpometacarpal pollicis),
    intercarpal, sternoclavicular

    8-21

    Hinge and Pivot Joints


    Hinge joints
    Uniaxial
    Convex cylinder in one
    bone; corresponding
    concavity in the other
    Example: elbow, ankle,
    interphalangeal

    Pivot joints
    Uniaxial. Rotation around a
    single axis.
    Cylindrical bony process
    rotating within a circle of
    bone and ligament
    Example: articulation
    between dens of axis and
    atlas (atlantoaxial),
    proximal radioulnar, distal
    radioulnar 8-22

    Ball-and-Socket and Ellipsoid Joints


    Ball-and-socket
    Multiaxial
    Examples: shoulder and hip
    joints

    Ellipsoid (Condyloid)
    Modified ball-and-socket;
    articular surfaces are
    ellipsoid
    Biaxial
    Example: atlantooccipital,
    8-23

    8.2 Types of Movement


    Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement
    Angular
    Flexion and Extension
    Hyperextension
    Plantar and Dorsiflexion
    Abduction and Adduction

    Circular
    Rotation
    Pronation and Supination
    Circumduction
    8-24

    Flexion and Extension

    Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the


    coronal plane
    Extension: movement of a body part posterior to
    8-25
    the coronal plane

    Flexion and Extension

    8-26

    Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion


    Exceptions to
    definition
    Plantar flexion:
    standing on the toes
    Dorsiflexion: foot
    lifted toward the shin

    8-27

    Abduction and Adduction

    Abduction: movement
    away from the median
    plane
    Adduction: movement
    toward the median plane

    8-28

    Circular Movements
    Rotation: turning of a
    structure on its long axis
    Examples: rotation of the
    head, humerus, entire body
    Medial and lateral rotation;
    example, the rotation of the
    arm

    Pronation/Supination:
    refer to unique rotation of
    the forearm
    Pronation: palm faces
    posteriorly
    Supination: palm faces
    anteriorly
    8-29

    Circular Movement
    Circumduction
    Combination of flexion,
    extension, abduction,
    adduction
    Appendage describes a
    cone

    8-30

    Special Movements
    Unique to only one or two joints
    Types
    Elevation and Depression
    Protraction and Retraction
    Excursion
    Opposition and Reposition
    Inversion and Eversion

    8-31

    Elevation and Depression


    Elevation: moves a structure superior
    Depression: moves a structure inferior
    Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the
    mouth

    8-32

    Protraction and Retraction


    Protraction: gliding
    motion anteriorly
    Retraction: moves
    structure back to
    anatomic position or
    even further
    posteriorly
    Examples: scapulae
    and mandibles

    8-33

    Excursion
    Lateral: moving mandible to the right or left of midline
    Medial: return the mandible to the midline

    8-34

    Opposition and Reposition


    Opposition:
    movement of thumb
    and little finger toward
    each other
    Reposition: return to
    anatomical position

    8-35

    Inversion and Eversion


    Inversion: turning the
    ankle so the plantar
    surface of foot faces
    medially
    Eversion: turning the
    ankle so the plantar
    surface of foot faces
    laterally

    8-36

    Naming Joints: Based on the bones or parts


    of bones involved:- Temporomandibular Joint
    TMJ Mandibular
    condyle & temporal bone
    Combination plane and
    ellipsoid joint
    Fibrocartilage disk divides
    joint into superior and
    inferior cavities
    Allows
    depression/elevation,
    excursion,
    protraction/retraction
    TMJ Disorders
    Cause of most chronic
    orofacial pain
    8-37

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint


    Ball-and-socket: stability is reduced, mobility is
    increased compared to hip
    Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation,
    circumduction
    Glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage built up
    around glenoid cavity; joint capsule attachment
    Bursae: subacromial and subscapular
    Rotator cuff: four muscles that along with
    ligaments give stability to the joint
    Tendon of biceps brachii passes through the joint
    capsule
    8-39

    Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

    8-40

    8-41

    Humeroscapular (shoulder) Joint

    Glenohumeral Joint

    Clavicle

    Glenohumeral Joint

    Acromion
    process

    Glenohumeral Joint

    Coracoid
    process

    Glenohumeral Joint

    Glenoid cavity

    Elbow Joint
    Compound hinge joint
    Humeroulnar joint
    Humeroradial joint
    Proximal radioulnar joint

    Shape of trochlear notch and


    trochlea limit movement to
    extension and flexion
    Rounded head of radius allows
    pronation and supination
    Ligaments
    Ulnar collateral ligament
    Radial collateral ligament
    Radial annular ligament

    Subacromial bursa
    8-47

    Elbow -2 joints in one


    Humeroulnar & Humeroradial

    Elbow Joints

    Capitulum

    Trochlea

    Elbow Joints

    Head of radius

    Radius

    Radial
    tuberosity

    Elbow Joints

    Ulna

    Elbow Joints

    Humeroradial
    joint

    Humeroulnar
    joint

    Hip (Coxal) Joint


    Ball-and-socket with acetabulum deepened by
    fibrocartilage acetabular labrum and transverse
    acetabular ligament
    More stable but less mobile than shoulder joint
    Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation,
    circumduction
    Extremely strong joint capsule reinforced by
    ligaments including the iliofemoral ligament that
    bears much of the body weight while standing
    Ligament of head of femur (round ligament of
    femur); often bears nutrient artery
    8-53

    Hip (Coxal) Joint

    8-54

    8-55

    Coxal (Hip) Joint

    Coxal (Hip) Joint

    Head of femur

    Acetabulum

    Coxal (Hip) Joint

    Female

    Male

    Hip Region

    Knee Joint
    Condyloid: allowing flexion/extension, small amount of rotation
    Menisci: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of
    the tibia and deepen articular surface
    Cruciate ligaments: extend between intercondylar eminence of
    tibia and fossa of the femur
    Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of
    tibia
    Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of
    tibia

    Collateral and popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of thigh


    muscles strengthen the joint
    Bursae: may result in slow accumulation of fluid in the joint
    (water on the knee)
    8-60

    Knee

    8-61

    8-62

    Knee most complex

    Anterior Knee

    Patella

    Fibula

    Posterior Knee

    Medial meniscus

    Lateral meniscus

    Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

    Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

    Anterior cruciate ligament

    Posterior cruciate ligament

    Knee Injuries and Disorders


    Football injuries: often
    tear the tibial collateral
    ligament, the anterior
    cruciate ligament, and
    damage the medial
    meniscus
    Bursitis
    Chondromalacia:
    softening of cartilage due
    to abnormal movement of
    the patella or to
    accumulation of fluid in
    fat pad posterior to patella
    Hemarthrosis: acute
    accumulation of blood in
    joint
    8-74

    Ankle (Talocrural) Joint


    Highly modified hinge joint
    Lateral and medial
    thickening of articular
    capsule to prevent side-toside movement
    Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion,
    limited inversion and
    eversion
    Ligaments of arch
    Hold bones in proper
    relationship
    Transfer weight
    8-75

    8-76

    Ankle Joint

    Lateral aspect

    Medial aspect

    Ankle Joint

    Lateral aspect

    Ankle Joint

    Lateral malleolus of fibula

    Ankle Joint

    Tibia

    Ankle Joint

    Talus

    Ankle Joint

    Calcaneus

    Ankle Joint

    Medial aspect

    Ankle Joint

    Median malleolus of tibia

    Ankle Joint

    Talus

    Ankle Joint

    Calcaneus

    8.5 Effects of Aging on Joints


    Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel
    development decreases
    Articular cartilages wear down and matrix
    becomes more rigid
    Production of synovial fluid declines
    Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less
    flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM)
    Muscles around joints weaken
    A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and
    decreased ROM
    8-87

    Joint Disorders
    Arthritis
    Osteoarthritis: wear and tear
    Rheumatoid: caused by transient infection or
    autoimmune disease

    Joint infections. Lyme disease (with ticks as


    vector), suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis
    Gout. Metabolic disorders of unknown cause
    (idiopathic). Increase in uric acid in blood results
    in deposition of monosodium urate crystals in
    joints and kidneys
    Hallux valgus and bunion. Caused by ill-fitting
    shoes
    Joint replacement. Prosthetic joint used to
    eliminate excruciating pain, usually due to 8-88
    arthritis

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