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    Oceanic and Continental Crust

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    Mernie Grace Dionesio
    The two types of crust are continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf). Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity that occurs as the plates spread apart. The crust that forms on the continents contains a variety of rock types and is much older, up to 3.6 billion years old, while oceanic crust is younger than 200 million years old and contains fewer rock types.

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    Oceanic and Continental Crust

    Uploaded by

    Mernie Grace Dionesio
    521 views50 pages
    The two types of crust are continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf). Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity that occurs as the plates spread apart. The crust that forms on the continents contains a variety of rock types and is much older, up to 3.6 billion years old, while oceanic crust is younger than 200 million years old and contains fewer rock types.

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    The two types of crust are continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf). Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity that occurs as the plates spread apart. The crust that forms on the continents contains a variety of rock types and is much older, up to 3.6 billion years old, while oceanic crust is younger than 200 million years old and contains fewer rock types.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    521 views50 pages

    Oceanic and Continental Crust

    Uploaded by

    Mernie Grace Dionesio
    The two types of crust are continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf). Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity that occurs as the plates spread apart. The crust that forms on the continents contains a variety of rock types and is much older, up to 3.6 billion years old, while oceanic crust is younger than 200 million years old and contains fewer rock types.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 50
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that there are two main types of crust - oceanic and continental crust. Oceanic crust is younger and found under the oceans. Continental crust is older and found under the continents.

    Layers of rock can bend when stress is applied to them and if too much pressure is applied then the layers can break

    The answer is C. An anticline has an upward, arching fold

    Oceanic and

    Continental
    Crust

    Oceanic crust
    The rocks of the oceanic crust are very young, not older
    than 200 million years, compared with the rocks of
    the continental crust 3.6 billion years old.
    Thedecompression
    occursbeneathriftsin
    thecrust,suchasthose
    foundatthemidocean
    ridges,anditis
    throughtheseriftsthat
    lavaisextrudedonto
    thesurfacetocreate
    newoceancrust.

    Oceanic crust
    Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean

    ridges. At these ridges, magma rises into the upper


    mantle and crust, as the plates diverge. As it moves away
    from the ridge, the lithosphere becomes cooler and
    denser, and sediment gradually builds on top of it.
    The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic
    ridges, and is progressively older away from the ridges.

    Continental crust
    The continents include a wide range of rock types,

    including granitic igneous rocks, sedimentary


    rocks, and the metamorphic rocks formed by the
    alterations of both. They contain a lot of quartz, a
    mineral absent in oceanic crust.
    This core foundation is often referred to as a shield or
    basement rock. Rocks found in the shields were
    formed during the Precambrian and are some of the
    oldest rocks found on the Earth.

    Continental crust
    The first continental rocks were the result of repeated

    melting, cooling, and remixing of oceanic crust,


    driven by volcanic activity above mantle convection
    cells, which were much more numerous and vigorous
    than todays.
    Geologists believe that the major continental cores were
    formed by the early solidification of the lighter
    components of magma between 3.9 and 3.8 billion
    years ago.

    Continental crust
    The continental shields are generally covered by

    younger sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary


    rocks constitute the interior platforms of the
    continents

    Evaluation Question

    The two types of


    crust are __________
    and ________ crust.

    The crust that is found on


    the continents and at the
    beginning of the oceans (the
    continental shelf) is
    ________________.

    ContinentalCrust

    __________is
    continuouslybeing
    createdatmidocean
    ridges.

    Oceanic Crust

    Deformation
    Stress is the amount of force

    per unit area on a given


    material
    The process by which the shape
    of a rock changes because of
    stress is called deformation

    Deformation
    Two types of deformation can

    occur to rocks under stress


    Layers can bend when stress
    is applied to them
    When too much stress is applied,
    they can reach their elastic limit
    and break

    Compression & Tension


    Compression is the type of stress

    that occurs when an object is


    squeezed
    Tension is stress that occurs
    when forces act to stretch an object
    such

    Folding
    Folding is the bending of rock layers

    because of stress in the Earths crust


    Scientists assume that all rock layers
    start off horizontal
    So when scientists see a fold, they
    know deformation has occurred

    Types of Folds
    There are two main types of folds
    Anticlines,

    upward, arching

    fold
    Synclines, downward, troughlike folds

    Faulting
    Some rock layers break

    when too much stress is


    applied to them.
    The surface along which a
    rocks break and slide past
    each other is called a fault

    Faulting
    The two sides of a fault are

    known as the hanging wall and


    the footwall
    The type of fault that forms is
    dependent on where the hanging
    and footwall are located

    Types of Faulting
    There are three types of

    faults that occur


    Normal Faults
    Reverse Faults
    Strike-Slip Faults

    Normal Faults
    When rocks are pulled apart

    because of tension, normal


    faults often form
    When a normal fault moves, it
    causes the hanging wall to move
    down relative to the footwall

    Reverse Fault
    When rocks are pushed together by

    compression, reverse faults often form


    When a reverse fault moves, it causes the
    hanging wall to move up relative to the
    footwall
    Special type of reverse fault occurs
    when the hanging walls continues to be
    pushed over top of footwall called a
    thrust fault

    Strike-Slip Fault
    Forms when opposing forces cause

    rock to break and move


    horizontally
    If you were standing on one side of
    the fault when it moved, the ground
    on the other side would appear to
    move to your left or right

    Thrust Fault

    Plate Tectonics & Mountain Building

    When tectonic plates collide, land

    features that start as folds and


    faults, can eventually become large
    mountain ranges
    When tectonic plates undergo
    compression and tension, they
    can form mountains in several ways

    Folded Mountains
    Form when rock layers are

    squeezed together and pushed


    upward
    These mountains form at
    convergent plate boundaries
    Appalachian Mountains 390
    million years ago

    Fault-Block Mountains
    When tectonic forces put enough tension

    on the Earths crust, a large number of


    normal faults can occur
    Fault-Block mountains form when
    tension causes large blocks of the Earths
    crust to drop down relative to other
    blocks
    Often leaves sharp, jagged peaks

    Volcanic Mountains
    Located at convergent plate

    boundaries where oceanic crust sinks


    into the asthenosphere at
    subduction zones
    The rock that is melted at subduction
    zones forms magma which rises to the
    surface and erupts

    Volcanic Mountains
    Sometimes these mountains can rise

    above the sea and become islands


    A majority of the tectonically active
    volcanic mountains have formed
    around the Pacific Plate which is
    known as the Ring of Fire

    Uplift and Subsidence


    Uplift is the rising of regions

    of Earths crust to higher


    elevations
    Subsidence is known as the
    sinking of Earths crust to
    lower regions

    Uplifting of Depressed Rock


    One way areas rise without deforming

    is a process known as rebound


    Rebound occurs when the crust slowly
    springs back to its previous elevation
    Rebound happens when a weight is
    removed from a region ( glacial
    melting)

    Tectonic Letdown
    Subsidence can occur when the

    lithosphere becomes stretched


    A rift zone is a set of deep cracks that
    forms at a divergent plate
    boundary
    As the plates move apart, the rift zone
    begins to subside between the plates

    Question 1
    What are two types of

    deformation?

    Answer
    Layers of rock can bend when

    stress is applied to them and if too


    much pressure is applied then the
    layers can break

    Question 2
    What type of fold has an upward,

    arching fold that looks like the


    letter A?
    A. Syncline
    B. Monocline
    C. Anticline

    Answer
    The answer is C. An anticline has

    an upward, arching fold

    Question 3
    What type of fault forms when

    opposing forces cause rock to


    break and move horizontally?
    A. Normal Fault
    B. Reverse Fault
    C. Strike-Slip Fault

    Answer
    The answer is C. A strike-slip fault

    is formed when opposing forces


    cause the rock to break and move
    horizontally.

    GAMES

    C
    N
    B
    F
    O
    L
    D
    C

    V B
    R S
    B U
    MF
    A S
    GU
    MS
    A B

    C Z ONR OC
    E HC R U U O
    S GE Y J S N
    S L A J GGS
    RT NS V GF
    F O I C Z GN
    L L C F DUG
    UT E S XA J

    CROSS
    WORD
    MAGMA
    OCEANIC
    FAULT
    FOLD
    CRUST

    And thats all


    thank you

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