CE 308 Lec 7 Mixing, Handling and Placing of Concrete

CE 308
Plain and Reinforced Concrete I
Mixing, Handling and Placing of Concrete
Dr. Wasim
Khaliq
Sequence
Processes
Storage
Batching
Mixing
Transporting
Placing
Compaction
Finishing
Curing
Ref: ACI 304R-89
Methods, Techniques, Critical Steps, Tips
Storage Aggregate
Coarse and Fine Aggregate
Moisture Control is very important
In case of washed/wet aggregate, drain the excess
water before movement to bins/storage areas
Stockpile various sizes at various dumps
Drop aggregate vertically if piling mechanically
Storage Cement
Cement/Pozzolans
Water Tight and Properly Ventilated Areas
Bulk
Silos
Bags
Piles/Layers
Temporary < 60 days (Max = 14 layers)
Permanent > 60 days (Max = 7 layers)
Admixtures
Treat the powder types as cement
For liquid ones, avoid evaporation and freezing
Batching
Batching involves preparing the constituents of
the concrete in the correct proportions
according to the mix design.
Two types
Volume Batching
0.3X0.3X0.4 m
Weigh Batching
Weight of 1 bag of cement = ?

50 kg
Volume of 1 bag of Cement = ?
1.27 ft3 (0.036 m3)
Mixing
Mixing Types
Hand (10% extra cement)
Mechanical
1. Mobile (Drum-Type)
Titling
Non-Tilting
Horizontal (reversing)
Small Jobs
2. Transit (Truck Type)

3. Fixed & Mobile
Pan Types
Mixing/Feeding Sequence
Mixing Time
Small and Big Jobs
Mixing
Mobile Transit (Trucks)
Two sets of opposed mixing spirals

Capacity = 4-12m3
Mixing
Feeding Sequence
25% water
50% coarse aggregate
50% fine aggregate
100% cement
50% coarse aggregate
50% fine aggregate
75% water
Start of Mixing Time
Mixing Time - Concept
Minimum Time
1 minute for 3/4m3 plus 1/4 minute for each additional m3
Transportation
Loading Concrete
Pans
Wheel Barrows
Buckets
Skip and Hoist
Trucks
Transportation
Pans
More surface area is exposed, more evaporation
easy placement above or below ground without
segregation
very small jobs only
slow and expensive method
Wheel Barrows
Chances of segregation: pneumatic wheels, wooden planks
pathway
Ground level only
small jobs, small hauls, and over muddy ground
Transportation
Buckets
Cable operated Upper floors
Crane-assisted for Mass
Concreting
Trucks
Long Hauls
Agitation
Placing
Pans
Wheel Barrows
Chutes
Conveyor Belts
Buckets
Pumps
Placing
Preparations
Surface should not be Wet nor Dry
Damp ?
Placing - Horizontal Members
Direction of Placement
Placing - Vertical Members
Placing
Sloping Surface
Placing - Pumping
400 m Horizontal
80 m Height
15-150 m3/hour
Placing
Concreting Underwater
Buckets
Tremie Pipe
Placing
Rules
Drop Height < 1.5m

Throw Concrete on already placed fresh Concrete
Start at the far end and work to the near end.
On a slope use stiffer concrete and work up the slope
In vertical members, use differential slump
Use Tremie method for underwater concreting
Compaction
Hand - Sequence
Spread the concrete using a short-handled, square ended
spades or shovels; never use vibrating poker to spread the
concrete
Use Rods and Spades to compact (consolidate) the concrete
along edges of the formwork
Use Screed (wood or metal straightedge) to strike off and
level the concrete
Compaction
Mechanical-Sequence
Spread the concrete using square ended spades or shovels;
never use vibrating poker to spread the concrete
Use vibratory pokers for compaction / consolidation
Types
Internal
External
Compaction
Sequence
Spacing=0.5-1.0m
5-30secs
2min for stiffer ones
Compaction
External Vibrators
For very complex formwork and reinforcement

For Precast plants
Compaction of Thin Layers only
Watch for over vibration
Compaction
Rules
How do you know that compaction is complete??

No more Air bubbles rising (<1% voids)
No Honeycombing and No mortar collection
Vertical - not more than 10 Angle
Compaction around rebars is very important, any air or
water left there will induce early corrosion
Dont touch rebars and formwork
Gradual Withdrawal to close the holes
Re-vibration ?
Improperly consolidated Concrete
Finishing
Sequence
Correction of Defects!
Float
Wait for Bleeding
Edge
Joint
Trowel
Texture
Finishing
Floating
Start as soon as struck off

Wood or Magnesium
One or two passes
Never seal the surface
Never use steel trowel
Finish before bleeding starts
Bull Float
Finishing
Wait for Bleeding!
All the sheen (shine) is gone

Dusting, Crazing, Scaling, and Blisters
Watch for high evaporation rate
Delamination
General Rule
Never Sprinkle Cement or Water while Finishing!!

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CE 308

Plain and Reinforced Concrete I

Mixing, Handling and Placing of Concrete

Ref: ACI 304R-89

Methods, Techniques, Critical Steps, Tips

Weight of 1 bag of cement = ?

2. Transit (Truck Type)

Small and Big Jobs

Two sets of opposed mixing spirals

Start of Mixing Time

Mixing Time - Concept

1 minute for 3/4m3 plus 1/4 minute for each additional m3

Placing - Horizontal Members

Placing - Vertical Members

Drop Height < 1.5m

For very complex formwork and reinforcement

How do you know that compaction is complete??

Improperly consolidated Concrete

Start as soon as struck off

Wait for Bleeding!

All the sheen (shine) is gone

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