CE 419 Lec 1 Bond and Developement Length

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
(Bond, Anchorage and Development Length)

CE 419
Plain and Reinforced Concrete III

Dr. Wasim Khaliq
Fall 2012
Design of Concrete Structures

Text and Reference
Fundamentals of Flexural Bond
In reinforced concrete beams it is

assumed that strain in the
embedded reinforcing bar is
the same as that in the
surrounding concrete.
Therefore, it is essential that bond
force is developed on the
interface between concrete and
steel to prevent significant slip
from occurring at the interface.
Source of Bond Strength

Weak chemical adhesion
Mechanical friction between steel
and concrete
Slip induced interlocking of natural
roughness of the bar with concrete
End anchorage, hooks : providing
tie arch action even for bond
broken beam.
Force in the steel,

T = Mmax / jd
Deformed bar: providing bond
force via the shoulders of the
projecting ribs bear on the
surrounding concrete.
Bond Stress Based on Simple Cracked Section Analysis

U = local average unit bond stress
jd = internal lever arm between tensile
and compressive force resultants
dx = short piece of length of beam
dT = dM / jd
For local equilibrium,
change in bar force = bond
force at the contact surface
U dx = dT,
U = dT / dx
= dM / jd dx
U = dV / jd
* Elastic crack equation
Actual Distribution of Flexural Bond Stress

Pure bending case
Concrete fails to resist tensile
stresses only where the actual crack
is located. Steel T is maximum and
T max = M / jd
Between cracks , concrete does
resist moderate amount of tension
introduced by bond.
U is proportional to the rate of
change of bar force, and highest
where the slope of the steel force
curve is greatest.
Very high local bond stress adjacent
to the crack.
Beam under transverse loads,

According to simple crack sectional
theory, T is proportional to the moment
diagram and U is proportional to shear
force diagram.
In actual, T is less than the simple
analysis prediction everywhere except at
the actual cracks.
Similarly, U is equal with simple analysis
prediction only at the location where
slopes of the steel force diagrams are
equals. If the slope is greater than
assumed, bond stress is greater; if the
slope is less bond stress is less.
Ultimate Bond Strength and Development Length

Types of bond failure
Direct pullout of bars
(small diameter bars are used
with sufficiently large concrete
cover distances and bar spacing)
Splitting of the concrete

along the bar (cover or bar
spacing is insufficient to resist the

lateral concrete tension resulting
from the wedging effect of bar
deformations)
Ultimate Bond Strength
Direct pull out

For sufficiently confined bar, adhesive bond and friction are overcome as the tensile force on the
bar is increased. Concrete eventually crushes locally ahead of the bar deformation and bar pullout
results.
When pull out resistance is overcome or when splitting has spread all the way to the end of an
unanchored bar, complete bond failure occurs.
Splitting
Splitting comes from wedging action when the ribs of the deformed bars bear against the concrete.
Splitting in vertical plane
Splitting in horizontal plane: frequently begins at a diagonal crack in connection with dowel
action. Shear and bond failures are often interrelated.
Local bond failure

Large local variation of bond stress caused by flexural and diagonal cracks immediately adjacent
to cracks leads to this failure below the failure load of the beam.
Results small slip and some widening of cracks and increase of deflections.
Harmless as long as the failure does not propagate all along the bar.
Providing end anchorage, hooks or extended length of straight bar (development length
concept)
Development Length
Development length is the length of embedment necessary to develop the

full tensile strength of bar, controlled by either pullout or splitting.
In Fig., let
maximum M at a and zero at support
fs at a is T = Ab fs
Development length concept total tension force must be
transferred from the bar to the concrete in the distance l by bond
stress on the surface.
To fully develop the strength of bar T = Ab fy the distance l must
be equal to ld = development length
Safety against bond failure: the length of the bar from any point of given
steel stress to its nearby end must be at least equal to its development
length. If the length is inadequate, special anchorage such as hooks must
be provided.
Factors influencing Development Length
Tensile strength of concrete

Cover distance
Bar spacing
Lateral reinforcement
Vertical bar location relative to beam depth (bond strength reduced
with placement of bars higher from bottom)
Epoxy coated bars or not (bond strength reduced dut to reduced
friction of epoxy coating)
Excess reinforcement
Bar diameter (smaller diameter bars need lower development
length
Factors influencing Development Length
Cover distance and bar spacing
Transvers reinforcement
ACI Code Provision for Development of Tension Reinforcement
Limits
(c + ktr) / db > 2.5 pullout failure
(c + ktr) / db < 1.5 splitting failure
fc are not to be greater than

100 psi.
Simplified Equations for Development Length

For two cases of practical importance, use (c + ktr) / db = 1.5,
Further Simplification for Development Length
Further Simplification for Development Length
Example
Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks

In the event that the desired tensile stress in a bar can not be
developed by bond alone, it is necessary to provide special
anchorage at the end of the bar. [ACI 7.1]
Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks
For stirrup and tie hooks, for bar sizes #5 and smaller, the inside
diameter should not be less than 4 bar diameters ACI Code
Development Length and Modification Factors for Hooked Bars
ldh is measured from critical section to farthest point

on the bar parallel to straight part of the bar and is:
ldh must be
modified by
applicable
modification
factors::
Requirements for Transverse Reinforcement

Transverse Steel Essential:
When hooks required at the ends of SS beam
Discontinuous end of beam with small cover
distance like ending at column
Bars anchored in a short cantilever
Example
Development of hooked bars in tension. Referring to the beam-column joint shown,
No. 11 (No. 36) negative bars are to be extended into the column and terminated in a
standard 90 hook, keeping 2 in. clear to the outside face of the column. The column
width in the direction of beam width is 16 in. Find the minimum length of embedment of
the hook past the column face, and specify the hook details
Example
Excess rft:
Asreq/Asprovided=2.9/3.12=0.93
Anchorage Requirements for

Web Reinforcement
Problem 5.1
Diameters and Areas of Standard Rebars
Factored Load Combinations ACI 318-08
Development of Bars in Compression
Hooks as used for tension reinforcement are not effective in transferring

compression from bars to concrete and should be disregarded in
determining required embedment length.
ACI basic development length in
compression is greater of
Development of Bars in Compression

Modification in Compressive ldc
ldc is not to be less than 8
Basic and Modified

Compressive ldc
as per ACI 12.3
Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams

Theoretical points of cutoff or
bend
T = As fs = M/z
T = function of (M)
ACI Code: uniformly loaded,

continuous beam of fairly regular
span may be designed using
moment coefficients.
To determine cutoff points for
continuous beams, M diagram from
max span M and max support M are
drawn
Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams

100
90
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Moment (Mu)
70
Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Continuous Beams
100
90
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Moment (Mu)
70
Practical Considerations and ACI Code Requirements
If cutoff points are in tension zone (to prevent

formation of premature flexural and diagonal
tension cracks) no flexural bar shall be terminated
unless the following conditions are specified.
Standard Cutoff and Bend Points

For not more than 50% of tensile steel is to be cutoff or bent
Special Requirements near the Point of Zero Moment
It is necessary to consider whenever the moments over the development length are
greater than those corresponding to a linear reduction to zero.
Bond force per unit length , u = dT / dx = dM / zdx, proportional to the slope of the
moment diagram.
Maximum bond forces u would occur at point of inflection and pullout resistance is
required.
Slope of M diagram at any point = V at that point
Let Mn = nominal flexural
strength provided by those
bars extend to the
point of inflection.
For assumed (conservatively) uniformed slope of moment

diagram Vu towards the positive moment region, length a at M
= Mn
a = Mn/Vu
Thus a must be greater than or equal to ld
ACI Code
Simply support case
Structural Integrity Provisions

For major supporting elements, such as
columns, total collapse can be prevented
through relatively minor changes in bar detailing
owing to accidental or abnormal loading.
If some reinforcement properly confined is
carried continuously through a support catenary
action of beam can prevent from total collapse
even if the support is damaged.
ACI Code 7.13.2
Structural Integrity
Provisions
Lap Splices
Supplied Lengths
Bar # 5 - # 18 60 ft
Bar # 4 and below 20 to 40 ft
Splices at points of maximum stress should be avoided

When used splices should be staggered
For #11 and smaller bars simple lapping of bars is made to a
sufficient distance to transfer stress by bond
Lapped bars a placed in contact and lightly wire bound
Alternate way is welding and mechanical devices
ACI does not allow lapped splices for > #11 bars
Except that #14 and #18 bars may be splice in compression with
#11 and smaller bars
Lap Splices in Tension

Stated in terms of development length - ld
For calculation of ld , the usual modification factors may be
applied but NOT the excess steel modification factor
Classification of lap splices in tension (based on minimum length
of lap required)
Class A lap splices 1.0 ld but not less than 12 in
Class B lap splices 1.3 ld but not less than 12 in
Lap Splices in Compression

Mainly used in columns
Bars in columns are generally terminated just above each floor
Due to construction convenience avoid handling long column bars
To permit column steel area to reduce in steps
Comment
Consideration for bond and detail design for
anchorage, development length and structural
integrity requirements are important to have proper
structural performance of the building.
As a design simplification, it is conservative to assume

Ktr= 0, even if the transverse reinforcement is present. the
term (c + Ktr) / db in the denominator of accounts for the
effects of small cover, close bar spacing and confinement
provided by transverse reinforcement. The ACI code
gives simplified versions of eqn 5.4 for preselected values
of (c + Ktr) / db. However, the development length ld
computed by eqn 5.4 is mostly substantially shorter than
development length computed from simplified eqns.

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NUST Institute of Civil Engineering

(Bond, Anchorage and Development Length)

Plain and Reinforced Concrete III

Design of Concrete Structures

Fundamentals of Flexural Bond

In reinforced concrete beams it is

Source of Bond Strength

Force in the steel,

Bond Stress Based on Simple Cracked Section Analysis

Actual Distribution of Flexural Bond Stress

Beam under transverse loads,

Ultimate Bond Strength and Development Length

Splitting of the concrete

spacing is insufficient to resist the

Ultimate Bond Strength

Direct pull out

Local bond failure

Development length is the length of embedment necessary to develop the

Factors influencing Development Length

Tensile strength of concrete

Factors influencing Development Length

Cover distance and bar spacing

ACI Code Provision for Development of Tension Reinforcement

(c + ktr) / db > 2.5 pullout failure

(c + ktr) / db < 1.5 splitting failure

fc are not to be greater than

Simplified Equations for Development Length

Further Simplification for Development Length

Further Simplification for Development Length

Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks

Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks

Development Length and Modification Factors for Hooked Bars

ldh is measured from critical section to farthest point

Requirements for Transverse Reinforcement

Anchorage Requirements for

Diameters and Areas of Standard Rebars

Factored Load Combinations ACI 318-08

Development of Bars in Compression

Hooks as used for tension reinforcement are not effective in transferring

Development of Bars in Compression

Basic and Modified

as per ACI 12.3

Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams

ACI Code: uniformly loaded,

Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams

Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Continuous Beams

Practical Considerations and ACI Code Requirements

If cutoff points are in tension zone (to prevent

Standard Cutoff and Bend Points

Special Requirements near the Point of Zero Moment

For assumed (conservatively) uniformed slope of moment

Thus a must be greater than or equal to ld

Simply support case

Structural Integrity Provisions

ACI Code 7.13.2

Splices at points of maximum stress should be avoided

Lap Splices in Tension

Class B lap splices 1.3 ld but not less than 12 in

Lap Splices in Compression