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    Lattice Energy

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    Nitya Dewi
    The document discusses lattice energy, which is the electrostatic attraction between ions in an ionic crystal lattice. It explains that lattice energy depends on the charge and size of ions - higher charge or smaller ions lead to greater attraction and higher lattice energy. The document also discusses factors that affect ionic character, lattice stability, and solubility of ionic compounds. It relates these concepts to calculations of lattice energy using Born-Haber cycles and standard enthalpy changes of hydration and solution.

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    Lattice Energy

    Uploaded by

    Nitya Dewi
    290 views30 pages
    The document discusses lattice energy, which is the electrostatic attraction between ions in an ionic crystal lattice. It explains that lattice energy depends on the charge and size of ions - higher charge or smaller ions lead to greater attraction and higher lattice energy. The document also discusses factors that affect ionic character, lattice stability, and solubility of ionic compounds. It relates these concepts to calculations of lattice energy using Born-Haber cycles and standard enthalpy changes of hydration and solution.

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    AS Level Nitya

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    The document discusses lattice energy, which is the electrostatic attraction between ions in an ionic crystal lattice. It explains that lattice energy depends on the charge and size of ions - higher charge or smaller ions lead to greater attraction and higher lattice energy. The document also discusses factors that affect ionic character, lattice stability, and solubility of ionic compounds. It relates these concepts to calculations of lattice energy using Born-Haber cycles and standard enthalpy changes of hydration and solution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    290 views30 pages

    Lattice Energy

    Uploaded by

    Nitya Dewi
    The document discusses lattice energy, which is the electrostatic attraction between ions in an ionic crystal lattice. It explains that lattice energy depends on the charge and size of ions - higher charge or smaller ions lead to greater attraction and higher lattice energy. The document also discusses factors that affect ionic character, lattice stability, and solubility of ionic compounds. It relates these concepts to calculations of lattice energy using Born-Haber cycles and standard enthalpy changes of hydration and solution.

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    Lattice Energy

    Lattice Structure of Ionic Compound


    Ionic compound are
    solid which are
    arranged alternatingly
    in a regular and
    orderly cubic pattern
    in three dimensions
    with the same
    orientation; unit cells
    The three dimensional
    array formed by the
    unit cells of a crystal is
    called lattice.

    Lattice Structure of Ionic Compound


    Formation of crystal lattice is depending on
    the attraction between opposite ions in
    achieving the highest stability
    Higher attraction, higher stability, greater the
    lattice energy

    The ions will tend to organised to reach the


    highest stability with a minimal repulsion
    forces

    Magnitude of Lattice Energy


    Depends on two main factors
    A) The charge on the ions
    The greater the charge on the ions
    Greater the attractions between the ions
    Greater the lattice energy

    B) The size of the ions/ distance between ions


    small
    The smaller the ions
    Greater the attractions between the ions
    Greater the lattice energy

    Factors affecting lattice energy


    It is highly affected by the size and
    charge of the ions
    Isoelectronic cations or anion:
    charge, HLE more negative due to
    higher charge denstiy
    Cation or anions of the same group:
    ionic radius, HLE less negative due to
    lower charge density

    Effects
    Melting point
    the higher the lattice enthalpy,
    the higher the melting point of an ionic compound

    Solubility
    solubility of ionic compounds is affected by the relative
    values of Lattice and Hydration Enthalpies

    Factors affecting lattice


    energy
    factor explained by the electrostatic
    This

    theory and calculated using Coulombs


    Law
    Force of attraction, F
    F=k
    where
    q1 & q2 = charges on the ions
    r = distance between adjacent ions
    k = Coulomb constant

    F when q1 or q2 OR r

    Lattice Enthalpy Values


    Cl Br F

    O2-

    Na+ -780 -742 -918 -2478


    K+

    -711 -679 -817 -2232

    Rb+ -685 -656 -783


    Mg2+ -2256

    -3791

    Ca2+ -2259

    Smaller ions will have a greater attraction for each other because of their higher
    charge density. They will have larger Lattice Enthalpies and larger melting points
    because of the extra energy which must be put in to separate the oppositely charged
    ions.
    Na+

    Cl

    K+

    Cl

    The sodium ion has the same charge as a potassium ion but is smaller. It has a higher charge
    density so will have a more effective attraction for the chloride ion. More energy will be
    released when they come together.

    Ionic character
    No compound has 100% ionic character
    This is because when ionic compound is
    formed, the anion will tend to be attracted by
    cation
    This will cause the distortion of electron
    density (cloud) of the ionic bond (polarisation)
    The larger the distortion, it will lead to compounds
    that are more covalent than ionic character

    Ionic character
    The degree of polarisation in is
    determined by:
    the charge density of cation
    electron density of anion
    ionic radius and charge of cation and
    anion
    CATION: charge, size, charge density,
    polarising power
    ANION: charge, size, electron density,
    more easily to be polarised

    Ionic character

    Factor of size and charge of cation

    The Thermal Stability of sblock


    compounds
    Elements in Group 1 and Group 2
    form cation when react to form
    compound
    However the stability of compounds
    varies based on:
    Size of the cation
    Charge density of the cation

    The thermal stability of sblock


    compounds
    Thermal stability (TS) describes the stability
    of the compounds
    Referring as decomposition of the compound on
    heating
    usually endothermic: required to break chemical
    bonds
    Higher TS means higher T needed to decompose the
    compound; compound is stable
    Compounds more stable if the cation has bigger size

    Small cations: more charge packed into


    a small volume of space; high charge
    density
    Bigger cations: charges spread over a
    larger volume of space; low charge
    density, cause less distortion to nearby
    negative ions
    Single charge polarize less than the
    higher charge

    The thermal stability of sblock


    compounds

    Lattice Energy
    Also known as Lattice enthalpy
    The electrostatic force of attraction that joins ions
    together in a crystal lattice
    Defined as energy released when one mole ionic
    compound is form from its gaseous ions under
    standard condition; Hlatt
    aMb+(g) + bXa- (g) MaXb(s)
    Mg 2+(g) + 2Cl-(g) -- MgCl2 (s)
    Always exothermic; the larger the value the stronger
    the ionic bond

    Lattice Energy
    cannot be determined directly but can be
    calculated from the sum of related equations
    with experimental values through Born-Haber
    cycle
    The experimental values includes:
    Atomization of element to form 1 mol of gaseous
    element
    1st, 2nd,. ionization energy of gaseous metal atom
    1st, 2nd,. electron affinity, Hea of gaseous nonmetal atom

    Enthalpy change of atomisation and


    electron affinity
    Atomisation
    Mostly dealt with the atomisation of element
    enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed
    from its element in its standard state under 298 K and 100 kPa
    X(s) X(g)
    Hat is always endothermic

    Electron affinity
    Most of the chemical behaviour influence by the ability to
    accept electron(s)
    First EA, Hea1:
    enthalpy change when 1 mol of electron is accepted by 1 mol gaseous
    atom to form 1 mol gaseous 1 anion under 298 K and 100 kPa
    X(g) + e X(g)

    Most of the 1st EA value is ve: exothermic]


    F(g) + e F(g) Hea1 = 328 kJ/mol

    Enthalpy change of atomisation and electron


    affinity
    2nd electron affinity, 3rd electron affinity
    etc. are always endothermic
    Reason: energy is required to overcome the
    repulsive force between the anion and
    (incoming) electron(s)
    O(g) + e O(g)
    Hea1 = 141 kJ/mol
    O(g) + e O2(g)
    Hea2 = +798 kJ/mol
    O(g) + 2e O2(g)
    H = +657 kJ/mol

    Enthalpy change of atomisation and electron


    affinity

    Trend of Electron Affinity Across the Period

    Born-Haber Cycles
    Another type of enthalpy cycle to
    calculate lattice energy of an ionic
    compound
    Involve several step to form gaseous
    ions which then form the ionic
    compound
    Atomisation of the elements followed by
    the conversion of gaseous atoms to ions

    Born-Haber Cycles
    Example: Determine the lattice energy of NaCl using
    the data given.

    1st H
    IE f[Na(s)]
    [NaCl(s)] = 411.2 kJ/mol
    496
    (kJ/mol)

    Hat[Cl2(g)]
    (kJ/mol)
    H
    [NaCl(s)] = H [Na(s)] + H

    1st EA [Cl2(g)]
    (kJ/mol)

    121.7

    [Cl2(g)]
    + HLE [NaCl(s)] + 1st IE [Na(s)]
    + 1st EA [Cl2(g)]
    HLE [NaCl(s)] = Hf[NaCl(s)] (Hat [Na(s)]
    + Hat [Cl2(g)] + 1st IE [Na(s)]
    + 1st EA [Cl2(g)])
    = 411.2 [107.3 + 121.7 + 496
    + (348.8)]
    = 787.4 kJ/mol
    f

    Exercise: pg 87

    at

    at

    Enthalpy

    HatNa
    [Na(s)]
    (s) + Cl2 (g) NaCl (s)
    107.3
    (kJ/mol)

    348.8

    Born-Haber Cycles
    By using the Born-Haber cycle, the theoretical
    Hf can be calculated for substances that do
    not exist (eg. NaCl2, MgCl, MgCl3)
    This will help to explain why the lattice of the
    compound does not form
    This is due to a very large endothermic Hf
    which indicate that the compound is unstable
    to exist in such form

    Standard enthalpy changes of


    solution
    heat released or absorbed when one
    mole of ionic solid completely dissolves
    in sufficient water to form a very dilute
    solution under 298 K and 100 kPa;
    Hosol
    The more negative, the more soluble
    Hsol = Hhyd Hlatt

    Standard enthalpy changes of


    Hydration
    Standard enthalpy of hydration, Hhyd
    energy change when one mole of a specified gaseous
    ion dissolves in sufficient water to form a very dilute
    solution under standard conditions
    MY+(g) + mH2O MY+(aq)
    Hhyd, 298 (cation)
    XZ-(g) + mH2O MZ-(aq) Hhyd, 298 (anion)

    Depend on the strength of attractive force of ions with


    water (ion-dipole interaction)
    Higher charge density of cation, higher |Hhyd, (cation)|
    Smaller ionic radius, higher |Hhyd, (cation)|

    Calculating enthalpy changes of


    solution
    Ionic solid

    Hlatt

    Hsol

    Hhyd

    Gaseous ions

    Ions in
    aqueous
    solution

    Calculating enthalpy changes of


    solution

    Example: Dissolving NaCl in water

    Lattice energy: 776 kJ mol1


    Enthalpy change of hydration: 771 kJ mol1

    Hsol

    NaCl(s)
    Hlatt =
    776 kJ mol1

    Na+(aq) + Cl
    (aq)
    Hhdy =
    771 kJ mol1

    Na+(g) + Cl(g)

    Calculating enthalpy changes of solution

    Example: Dissolving NaCl in water


    Hsol + Hlatt = Hhyd
    Hsol = Hhyd Hlatt
    = 771 (776)
    Hsol [NaCl] = +5 kJ mol1

    Solubility of ionic compound


    Depending on HLE and Hhyd
    Generally, the compound is soluble in
    water when Hhyd>HLE
    Sometime Hhyd<HLE yet the
    compound still soluble; eg. NaCl

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