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    Speed and Hazard Management

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    Ashutosh Arun
    This document discusses speed management and roadside hazard management with respect to safety. It covers several topics: - The need for speed management to maximize appropriate travel speeds and minimize road trauma. Speed is strongly correlated with accident rates and severity. - Roadside hazards include natural features, utilities, drainage structures, and objects. Treatments follow a hierarchy of removing, relocating, modifying, or protecting road users from hazards. - Features like clear zones, embankments, cuttings, and drains must be designed to be traversable or protected to reduce the risks of run-off-road crashes. Safety barriers and their end treatments require careful design and placement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Speed and Hazard Management

    Uploaded by

    Ashutosh Arun
    157 views46 pages
    This document discusses speed management and roadside hazard management with respect to safety. It covers several topics: - The need for speed management to maximize appropriate travel speeds and minimize road trauma. Speed is strongly correlated with accident rates and severity. - Roadside hazards include natural features, utilities, drainage structures, and objects. Treatments follow a hierarchy of removing, relocating, modifying, or protecting road users from hazards. - Features like clear zones, embankments, cuttings, and drains must be designed to be traversable or protected to reduce the risks of run-off-road crashes. Safety barriers and their end treatments require careful design and placement.

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    Illustrates the importance of speed and hazard management for enhanced road safety.

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    This document discusses speed management and roadside hazard management with respect to safety. It covers several topics: - The need for speed management to maximize appropriate travel speeds and minimize road trauma. Speed is strongly correlated with accident rates and severity. - Roadside hazards include natural features, utilities, drainage structures, and objects. Treatments follow a hierarchy of removing, relocating, modifying, or protecting road users from hazards. - Features like clear zones, embankments, cuttings, and drains must be designed to be traversable or protected to reduce the risks of run-off-road crashes. Safety barriers and their end treatments require careful design and placement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    157 views46 pages

    Speed and Hazard Management

    Uploaded by

    Ashutosh Arun
    This document discusses speed management and roadside hazard management with respect to safety. It covers several topics: - The need for speed management to maximize appropriate travel speeds and minimize road trauma. Speed is strongly correlated with accident rates and severity. - Roadside hazards include natural features, utilities, drainage structures, and objects. Treatments follow a hierarchy of removing, relocating, modifying, or protecting road users from hazards. - Features like clear zones, embankments, cuttings, and drains must be designed to be traversable or protected to reduce the risks of run-off-road crashes. Safety barriers and their end treatments require careful design and placement.

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    SPEED AND HAZARD

    MANAGEMENT
    WITH RESPECT TO SAFETY
    SH. ASHUTOSH ARUN
    SCIENTIST
    TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND SAFETY
    DIVISION
    CSIR-CRRI, NEW DELHI
    CSIR-India

    FOCUS OF PRESENTATION
    SAFE SYSTEM
    NEED FOR SPEED MANAGEMENT
    EFFECT OF SPEED ON ACCIDENTS AND ITS SEVERITY
    SPEED CONTROL MEASURES
    ROADSIDE HAZARD ELEMENTS
    HAZARD MANAGEMENT

    CSIR-India

    CSIR-India

    WHAT ARE SAFE SYSTEMS?

    SAFE
    SYSTE
    MS

    Road crashes are not


    independent chance events,
    rather results of systemic
    deficiencies
    Two differences b/w safe
    systems approach and
    traditional policies:
    Recognize human frailty (to
    injury) and error (of
    judgment)
    Consider the road safety
    system as a whole (no
    individual sectors
    CSIR-India
    responsible)

    SAFER TRAVEL
    Safer Speeds
    play vital role
    Safe system which
    leads to safe travel
    involves various
    activities
    simultaneously

    CSIR-India

    WHY IS SPEED MANAGEMENT


    IMPORTANT?
    Safe and efficient travel is the cornerstone of a healthy
    and prosperous society
    Speed management relies on appropriate mix of:
    Infrastructure
    Education
    Enforcement

    Goal of speed management:


    TO MAXIMISE APPROPRIATE TRAVEL SPEEDS AND
    MINIMISE THE ROAD TRAUMA

    One of available tools is speed limits


    CSIR-India

    SPEED AND CRASHES

    Speed
    Speed and
    and Crashes
    Crashes and
    and their
    their intensity
    intensity are
    are always
    always correlated
    correlated
    CSIR-India

    IMPROPER DESIGN RESULTS IN


    ACCIDENTS

    CSIR-India

    TRAVEL SPEED, STOPPING DISTANCE


    AND CRASH IMPACT SPEED

    CSIR-India

    TOLERANCE LEVEL
    CHANCES OF SURVIVING A CRASH DECREASE
    RAPIDLY ABOVE CERTAIN IMPACT SPEED, I.E.

    CAR
    CAR
    CAR
    CAR
    CAR

    /
    /
    /
    /
    /

    PEDESTRIAN
    20
    MOTORCYCLE
    20
    POLE OR TREE 30
    CAR (SIDE-IMPACT)
    CAR (HEAD-ON) 70

    TO 30
    TO 30
    TO 40
    50
    KM/H

    KM/H
    KM/H
    KM/H
    KM/H

    Two cars
    travelling
    at 35 km/h
    and headon collision

    CSIR-India

    PEDESTRIAN CRASH SEVERITY


    BY
    SPEED
    Speed is killer for VRUs
    Probability of fatally injuring pedestrian

    With 10 km/h speed


    increase, Probability
    of fatality increases
    by more than 60%

    CSIR-India

    SPEEDS ON INDIAN HIGHWAYS


    Four-Lane
    Six-Lane
    Eight-Lane
    Vehicle
    HIGH Avg.
    SPEED CORRIDORS
    (MULTI-LANE
    Max.
    Avg.
    Max.DIVIDED)
    Avg.DURING
    Max.
    Type
    *
    Speed
    Speed* CONDITIONS
    Speed*
    Speed*
    Speed*
    Speed*
    FREE
    - FLOW
    Big Car
    93.0
    149
    95.5
    135
    101.4
    158
    Small Car
    92.4
    161
    93.1
    136
    98.0
    163
    TW
    74.2
    120
    75.0
    109
    77.5
    125
    Auto
    54.2
    79
    56.6
    88
    56.7
    66
    Bus
    71.1
    108
    74.4
    102
    75.7
    103
    LCV
    68.6
    113
    73.6
    105
    74.1
    124
    HCV
    68.5
    103
    70.7
    101
    73.2
    88
    MCV
    64.0
    97
    70.4
    100
    72.0
    87
    *kmph

    All the vehicles


    (except Auto) are
    above 50 kmph

    All the vehicles


    (except Auto) are
    above 70 kmph

    All the vehicles


    (except Auto) are
    above 70 kmph

    CSIR-India

    ACHIEVING SAFER TRAVEL


    SPEEDS
    Speed limits are a management tool part of toolbox of
    solutions to improve safety through safer speeds:
    Infrastructure: setting speed limits to match the roads and
    roadsides (i.e. Based on road features and crash rates)
    Vehicle technology: top speed limiting devices and intelligent
    speed assist (ISA)
    Education: educating drivers about the speeding crash risks,
    effects on pedestrians, cyclists, dispelling myths
    Enforcement: compliance with speed limits, use of technology,
    targeting high risk times and locations

    CSIR-India

    SPEED LIMITS
    The tolerance limit of the human body to forces is a
    key factor in survivability of crashes
    Speed is the single greatest influence on the forces in
    a crash
    Lower speed limits, with appropriate road design and
    enforcement, will lead to lower speeds and therefore
    reduced road trauma
    Marginal reduction in the speed limit can result in a
    quantum drop in the casualty crashes
    Appropriate speed limits and safer travel speeds form
    CSIR-India

    CHANGES IN MEAN SPEED AND


    CHANGES IN CRASH RISK
    Fatal accidents are
    highly sensitive

    CSIR-India

    EFFECT OF ROAD
    INFRASTRUCTURE ON DRIVER
    SPEEDS
    Infrastructure-related
    factors
    Design speed
    Presence of constructed
    median
    Median width

    Slowing

    Accelerating

    lower

    higher

    absent

    present

    narrower

    wider median

    Turn lanes

    absent

    present

    Road width

    narrower pavement

    wider pavement

    Shoulder width

    narrow or none

    wider shoulders

    Number of lanes

    2 or no lanes

    more lanes

    Lane width

    narrow lanes

    wider lanes

    Data analysis confirmed and explained many


    relationships between road features, speed and crashes,
    e.g.: Safety effects of traffic lane widths, access control,
    or frequency of curves.
    CSIR-India

    SPEED LIMITS
    An integral part of safe system management
    A traffic management tool to achieve road safety
    outcomes
    Need to be:

    Consistently applied
    Clear and unambiguous
    In harmony with the (desired) road function
    Sometimes supported with engineering treatments
    Integral with police speed enforcement programs
    Credible and compatible with road user expectations.

    CSIR-India

    DESIGN SPEED
    VERY CRITICAL LOCATIONS REQUIRING STRICT SPEED
    CONTROLS

    CSIR-India

    HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL


    CURVES

    Speed Limits at such locations


    are highly advisable

    CSIR-India

    60

    SPEED CONTROL DEVICES


    TRAFFIC SIGNS

    REGULATORY SPEED LIMIT SIGNS


    VARIABLE SPEED LIMIT SIGNS
    AREA SPEED LIMITS (URBAN/ RURAL)
    SPEED LIMIT ZONES
    REPEATER SIGNS
    ADVANCE WARNING
    ADVISORY SPEEDS

    (NOT SPEED LIMITS)

    TRANSITIONAL SPEED LIMITS

    80

    60

    40
    CSIR-India

    SPEED CONTROL DEVICES


    ROAD MARKINGS

    PHYSICAL ROAD ALTERATIONS


    STREET NARROWING
    REMOVING PAVEMENT SURFACE LOWERS SPEEDS
    CHOKERS ARE CURB BULBS OR MEDIAN ISLANDS
    PAVEMENT MARKINGS

    SPEED BUMPS, HUMPS, AND TABLES


    INTRODUCING CURVES

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE HAZARD
    MANAGEMENT
    HIT OBJECT TYPE CRASHES
    VEHICLES LEAVE THE ROAD FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS:
    DRIVER - FATIGUE, INATTENTION, DISTRACTION
    VEHICLE - TYRE OR STEERING FAILURE, UNSTABLE LOAD
    TRAFFIC CONDITIONS - ANIMAL, PEDESTRIAN OTHER
    VEHICLE ON THE ROAD
    ROAD ENVIRONMENT - WEATHER, GEOMETRY, PAVEMENT
    CONDITION
    OR A COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE

    CSIR-India

    TYPES OF ROADSIDE HAZARDS


    NATURAL FEATURES
    PUBLIC UTILITIES
    TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE
    DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
    NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
    STREETSCAPE ELEMENTS AND STREET FURNITURE

    CSIR-India

    A FORGIVING ROADSIDE
    RECOVERY AREA - A TRAVERSABLE AREA ON THE
    ROADSIDE WHICH ALLOWS A DRIVER TO REGAIN
    CONTROL OF ERRANT VEHICLE
    CLEAR ZONE - A ROADSIDE BORDER AREA BEGINNING AT
    THE EDGE OF THE TRAVELLED WAY AND CLEAR OF ALL
    HAZARDS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
    CROSS SECTION - DESIGN ELEMENTS NOT HAZARDOUS
    TO ERRANT VEHICLES

    CSIR-India

    CLEAR ZONE

    As the speed increases, clear


    zone widths increases

    CSIR-India

    CLEAR ZONE (CONTD)

    Clear Zone Concept for High Speed Road


    Corridors
    CSIR-India

    BARRIER
    WARRANTS

    Barrier is required for the fill


    section height is more than 3
    m and slope more than 1:3

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE HAZARD
    MANAGEMENT
    LESSENING THE RISK BY

    REMOVING THE HAZARD


    RELOCATING THE HAZARD
    MODIFYING THE HAZARD
    PROTECTING ROAD USERS FROM THE HAZARD
    ALERTING ROAD USERS OF THE HAZARD

    CSIR-India

    HIERARCHY OF TREATMENTS
    REMOVE THE HAZARD ALTOGETHER
    RELOCATE THE HAZARD TO A SAFER LOCATION
    MAKE SOME CHANGES TO THE HAZARD TO REDUCE THE IMPACT
    SEVERITY
    INSTALL IMPACT ATTENUATION OR REDIRECTION DEVICES TO
    GUARD THE HAZARD
    IMPROVE DELINEATION WIDER AND/OR TACTILE EDGE LINES,
    CHEVRON ALIGNMENT MARKERS, ERECT WARNING SIGNS, MAKE
    THE HAZARD MORE CONSPICUOUS.

    CSIR-India

    ROAD CROSS SECTION

    TERRAIN THROUGH WHICH ROAD PASSES IS VARIABLE


    PAVEMENT ALSO NEEDS TO BE DRAINED
    AFFECTS THE DESIGN OF ROADSIDE ELEMENTS EMBANKMENTS
    CUTTINGS
    ROADSIDE DRAINAGE

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE DESIGN ELEMENTS


    EMBANKMENTS
    SHOULD BE TRAVERSABLE AND SMOOTH
    BATTERS CAN BE FLATTENED (DESIRABLY GREATER THAN 5
    Roadside Hazard - embankment
    TO 1)

    Recovery area or
    safety barrier required
    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE DESIGN ELEMENTS


    CUTTINGS

    ALLOW FOR RECOVERY SPACE


    ALLOW FOR EMERGENCY STANDING
    SMOOTH ROCK FACES TO AVOID SNAGGING OF VEHICLES
    PROVIDE TRAVERSABLE GUTTERS

    DRAINS
    KEEP DRAINAGE BANKS FLAT
    PROVIDE TRAVERSABLE CULVERT HEADWALLS
    PROVIDE TRAVERSABLE KERBS

    CSIR-India

    Driveway Culvert headwalls are potential hazard to


    errant vehicles

    PARALLEL ROADSIDE DRAINS

    Culvert head-wall to side street is


    potential hazard to errant vehicle

    CSIR-India

    DRAINAGE
    STRUCTURES

    Safety Barrier or
    clear zone required

    Safety Barrier or
    better delineation
    required

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE OBJECTS
    POWER POLES

    RELOCATE POLE(S) OUTSIDE CLEAR ZONE


    REMOVE POLE(S) - PUT SERVICES UNDERGROUND
    PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR VEHICLES
    DELINEATE - ONLY A TEMPORARY MEASURE

    LIGHTING POLES
    INSTALL SLIP-BASE POLES
    INSTALL IMPACT ABSORBING POLES

    CSIR-India

    RELATIVE RISK VERSUS POLE


    LATERAL OFF-SET
    Risk Index is high
    if the pole offset
    distance is less
    than 2m

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE OBJECTS
    SIGN SUPPORTS
    Remove from the clear zone
    Protect with safety barriers

    TREES
    REMOVE LARGE TREES FROM CLEAR ZONE WHENEVER
    ENVIRONMENTALLY POSSIBLE
    PLANT ONLY FRANGIBLE SPECIES WITHIN THE CLEAR
    ZONE

    CSIR-India

    DANGERS OF FELLING TREES


    ON ROADS

    CSIR-India

    Roadside obstructions can be


    fatal

    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE OBJECTS
    SAFETY BARRIERS
    Poor design and installation can make
    Safety Barriers a hazard
    Would impact with the barrier be more
    severe than with the object it is
    protecting ?
    End treatments - location, transition to
    other structures
    CSIR-India

    BRIDGE SAFETY BARRIERS


    Barrier not of sufficient length to stop
    errant vehicle
    End treatment of barrier a hazard to
    errant vehicle

    Inadequate junction between W-beam


    and Bridge Rail barrier will not
    contain an errant vehicle

    CSIR-India

    BARRIER END TREATMENT


    Barrier end treatment is critical for road
    safety.
    These should be located outside the Clear
    Zone.

    CSIR-India

    BARRIER END TREATMENT


    The consequences could be severe

    CSIR-India

    OTHER ROADSIDE OBJECTS


    BRIDGE ABUTMENTS
    PEDESTRIAN FENCING
    TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DEVICES
    ENTRY STATEMENTS
    STREETSCAPE ELEMENTS
    PARKED VEHICLES
    CSIR-India

    ROADSIDE HAZARD
    MANAGEMENT
    It is preferable to modify the design to
    take cognisance of existing utility poles
    and trees so that they are safely
    located outside the clear zone, rather
    than erect safety barriers which
    themselves constitute a roadside hazard.

    CSIR-India

    CSIR-India

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