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    Strain Gauge Lecture

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    Sridhar Kanagaraj
    Strain gauges are sensors that measure strain on an object. There are several types of strain gauges including mechanical, optical, pneumatic, acoustic, and electrical gauges. Mechanical strain gauges use knife edges and linkages to amplify and display displacement. Common types are Berry, Johansson, and Huggenberger extensometers. Optical gauges combine optics and mechanics, like Tuckerman gauges. Pneumatic gauges can achieve high magnification. Electrical gauges include inductance, capacitance, and resistance foil gauges, which are widely used with Wheatstone bridges to precisely measure resistance changes due to strain.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Strain Gauge Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Sridhar Kanagaraj
    208 views48 pages
    Strain gauges are sensors that measure strain on an object. There are several types of strain gauges including mechanical, optical, pneumatic, acoustic, and electrical gauges. Mechanical strain gauges use knife edges and linkages to amplify and display displacement. Common types are Berry, Johansson, and Huggenberger extensometers. Optical gauges combine optics and mechanics, like Tuckerman gauges. Pneumatic gauges can achieve high magnification. Electrical gauges include inductance, capacitance, and resistance foil gauges, which are widely used with Wheatstone bridges to precisely measure resistance changes due to strain.

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    strain gauge

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    137732548 Strain Gauge Lecture Ppt

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    Strain gauges are sensors that measure strain on an object. There are several types of strain gauges including mechanical, optical, pneumatic, acoustic, and electrical gauges. Mechanical strain gauges use knife edges and linkages to amplify and display displacement. Common types are Berry, Johansson, and Huggenberger extensometers. Optical gauges combine optics and mechanics, like Tuckerman gauges. Pneumatic gauges can achieve high magnification. Electrical gauges include inductance, capacitance, and resistance foil gauges, which are widely used with Wheatstone bridges to precisely measure resistance changes due to strain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    208 views48 pages

    Strain Gauge Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Sridhar Kanagaraj
    Strain gauges are sensors that measure strain on an object. There are several types of strain gauges including mechanical, optical, pneumatic, acoustic, and electrical gauges. Mechanical strain gauges use knife edges and linkages to amplify and display displacement. Common types are Berry, Johansson, and Huggenberger extensometers. Optical gauges combine optics and mechanics, like Tuckerman gauges. Pneumatic gauges can achieve high magnification. Electrical gauges include inductance, capacitance, and resistance foil gauges, which are widely used with Wheatstone bridges to precisely measure resistance changes due to strain.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 48

    STRAIN GAUGES

    Stress and Strain


    When external forces are applied to a stationary object,
    stress and strain are the result
    Stress is defined as the object's internal resisting
    forces
    Strain is defined as the displacement and deformation
    that occur.

    What is a Strain Gauge


    A Strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance
    varies with applied force
    Strain gauges are used for the measurement of
    strain
    Strain" consists of tensile and compressive
    strain, distinguished by a positive or negative
    sign
    Strain gauges can be used to pick up expansion
    as well as contraction

    TYPES OF STRAIN GAUGES


    MECHANICAL
    OPTICAL
    PNEUMATIC
    ACOUSTICAL
    ELECTRICAL

    MECHANICAL STRAIN GAUGES: The mechanical devices are generally known as extensometer
    and are used to measure strain under static or gradually varying
    loading condition.
    PRINCIPLE:-

    Extensometer is usually provided with two knife


    edges.
    They are clamped firmly in contact with the test
    component at a specific distance.
    When the test component is strained, the two
    knife edge undergoes a small relative
    displacement.
    This displacement is amplified through a
    mechanical linkage and magnified displacement
    or strain is displayed on a calibrated scale.

    Demountable Mechanical Strain Gauge

    Different types of Mechanical strain


    Gauge:a) Berry strain gauge

    Lever arm and dial


    gauge.
    Measure a strain down
    to 10microstrain over a
    50mm gauge length.

    B) Johansson
    Extensometer

    Torsion tape stretched


    between knife edges.

    Half end is twisted in one


    direction, while other half
    in other direction.

    Measure a strain down to


    5microstrain over a gauge
    length of 50mm.

    c) Huggenberger
    Extensometer
    Sets of levers are been used in this to
    magnify the displacement.
    Formula for measurement = L1L2/a1a2
    Ratio

    Gauge length
    range

    300-2000

    6.5 to 100 mm

    Sensitivity as high as 10microstrain.


    Suitability: - Where large height does not pose
    problems of mounting.

    d) Scratch Gauge

    Scratch Gauge

    Scratch gauge:

    Minimum strain that a scratch gauge


    can sense is about 100microstrain.

    Suitability: -

    compact in size,
    weight =30g,
    attached to almost any surface
    with Clamps, screws or adhesive
    bonding.

    2) Optical Gauges:Mechanical-Optical Gauges:Combination of mechanical and optical levers is used to amplify


    the relative displacement between knife edges.

    Tuckermans Optical Gauge: Auto-collimator is used which


    carries a source of a parallel
    beam of light and an Optical
    system to measure the
    deflection of the reflected ray.
    Lozenge functions as movable
    knife edge.
    In this system, any relative
    motion between the component
    and the auto-collimator will not
    affect the measurement.
    Sensitivity is 2microstrain.
    Available in wide range starting
    from 6mm.
    It can reliably measure both
    static and dynamic strains

    Optical strain Gauge


    Advantage: Reduced wiring as compared
    to electrical strain resistance.
    Light weight as compared to
    others.
    Insensitivity to electromagnetic
    interference.

    Photo elastic
    strain Gauges: Components- a strip of plastic
    with reflection backing with
    Frozen-in fringes
    pattern.
    Polaroid/Quarter sheet.
    Graduated scale is there for
    measurement.
    Sensitivity- 50microstrain.

    Pneumatic strain Gauge

    Pneumatic Strain
    Gauges:

    Magnification upto 100000 and


    gauge lengths as small as 1mm
    are possible to achieve in these
    gauges.

    They are sensitive, robust and


    reliable.

    Suitable for both static and


    dynamic strain measurements.

    Acoustic Strain Gauge

    Acoustic strain Gauge

    Principle
    It consist of Steel Wire tensioned between two
    predefined supports
    Variation of distance alter the natural frequency
    with change in strain.
    An Electro magnet adjacent to wire set the
    oscillation
    Wire movement will generate the electrical
    signal
    Calibration of screw senses a Strain

    Acoustic Strain Gauges:-

    Frequency of vibration in test gauge is measured by comparing it with fundamental


    natural frequency of the wire.

    Sensitivity:- 0.5microstrain
    Advantages: - Long-term reliability.

    High accuracy.

    Facility for remote measurement.


    Chiefly used at: - Reinforced Concrete structure, dams, steel structure.

    Electrical Gauges
    INDUCTANCE GAUGES
    CAPACITANCE GAUGES
    ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE GAUGES

    Inductance Strain Gauge

    a) Inductance Strain Gauge:

    In this Linear variable differential


    transformer (LVDT) used.
    Two coils Primary and Secondary are
    used is attached to one edge and
    movable magnetic core is connected to
    the other.
    Movement of the core in one direction
    away from the null position produces an
    output alternating voltage proportional to
    the displacement from the centre
    Suitability used over a wide range of
    temperature below 0 to elevated
    temperature.
    Sensitivity range 0.02 to 0.15 V/mm
    displacement per volt of excitation
    applied to the primary coil.
    Limitation magnetic fields, size and
    mass

    Capacitance strain Gauge

    Capacitance Strain Gauges: Capacitance changes occur due to


    axial sliding of an outer cylinder
    relative to two concentric inner
    cylinders.
    Temperature compensation is
    achieved by using rod.
    Function satisfactorily upto 800 C.
    Sensitivity 1microstrain.

    Foil strain gauge

    The strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports


    a metallic foil pattern.
    The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive. As the object
    is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to
    change.
    Foil type strain gauges having a zigzag conductor made out of an etched
    foil
    Very widely used as bonded strain gauges
    This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is
    related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge factor.

    Wheatstone Bridge
    A Wheatstone Bridge
    is an electrical circuit.
    Used in a load cell to
    measure an overall
    change in resistance.
    Increases sensitivity
    and reduces the affects
    of temperature.

    R1
    +

    R4
    V0

    VEX
    R2

    R3

    Wheatstone Bridge
    R1
    +

    R4
    V0

    VEX
    R2

    R3

    Construction of bonded-wire-type strain


    gage

    Wide range of strain gauges

    Experimental Tests

    Typical strain gauges types

    Two-axis strain gauge

    120 degree rosette

    45 degree rosette

    45 degree stacked rosette

    membrane rosette

    Adhesives

    Cyano-acrylate Z70

    Methacrylate mixture X60

    Epoxy resin X280

    Protective coatings
    It is recommended that strain gauges be protect
    against external effects (such as humidity, water,
    oil, mechanical influences)
    To protect the polished metal of our application
    area against rust
    Polyurethane paint
    Nitrile rubber
    Silicon Rubber
    Permanently plastic putty

    THANK YOU

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