Instrumentation and Control System

Instrumentation and control system
Contents
• Measurement
• Fundamental measuring process
• Methods of measurement
• Generalized measuring process and it’s functional elements
Measurement:-
The word measurement is used to tell us length, weight and temperature are a
change of these physical measurement is the result of an opinion formed by one
(or) more observes about the relative size (or) intensity of some physical
quantities.
Definition:
The word measurement is used to tell us the length, the weight, the temperature,
the colour or a change in one of these physical entities of a material.
Measurement provides us with means for describing the various physical and
chemical parameters of materials in quantitative terms.
For example
10 cm length of and object implies that the object is 10 times as large as 1 cm; the
unit employed in expressin
length.
Fundamental measuring process
Methods of measurement:-
1. Direct and indirect measurement.

2. Primary and secondary & tertiary measurement.
3. Contact and non-contact type of measurement.
• Direct and indirect measurement:
• Measurement is a process of comparison of the physical quantity with a
standard depending upon requirement and based upon the standard
employed, these are the two basic methods of measurement.
Direct measurement:
• The value of the physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly
with different standards. The physical standards like mass, length and
time are measured by direct measurement.
Indirect measurement:
• The value of the physical parameter is more generally determined by
indirect comparison with the secondary standards through calibration.The
measurement is convert into an analogous signal which subsequently
process and fed to the end device at present the result of measurement.
• Primary and secondary & tertiary measurement:
• The complexity of an instrument system depending upon measurement being made and upon the
accuracy level to which the measurement is needed. Based upon the complexity of th easurementnt
systems, the measurement are generally grouped into three categories.
• i. Primary
• Ii. Secondary
• Iii. Tertiary.
• In the primary mode, the sought value of physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly
with reference standards the required information is obtained to sense of side thermomete
Examples are:
a) Matching of two lengths is determining the length of a object with ruler.
b) Estimation the temperature difference between the components of the container by inserting
fingers.
c) Use of bean balance measure masses.
d) Measurement of time by counting a number of strokes of a block.
Secondary and tertiary measurement are the indirect measurements involving one
transmission are called secondary measurements and those involving two convergent measurement
tertiary measurement .
Ex:
• The convergent of pressure into displacement by means of be
allows and the convergent of force into displacement.
• Pressure measurement by manometer and the temperature
measurement by mercury in glass tube thermometer.
• The measurement of static pressure by boundary tube pressure
gauge is a typical example of tertiary measurement.
Contact and non-contact type of measurements:
• Contact type:
Where the sensing element of measuring device as a contact with
medium whose characteristics are being measured.
Ex: Thermometer,thermistor,RTD etc
• Non-contact type:
Where the sense doesn’t communicate physically with the medium.
Ex:
• The optical, radioactive and some of the electrical/electronic
measurement belong to this category.
Generalised measurement system and its
functional elements:
1)Primary sensing element.
2) Variable conversion (or) Transducer element.
3) Manipulation of element.
4) Data transmission element.
5) Data processing element.
6) Data presentation elements.
• The principal functions of an instrument is the acquisition of information by
Sensing and perception, the process of that information and its final presentation
to a Human observer. For the purpose of analysis and synthesis, the instrument s
are considered as systems (or) assembly of inter connected components
organised to perform aspecified function. The different components are called
elements.
1) PIMARY SENSING ELEMENT:
An element that is sensitive to the measured variable .The sensing element sense
the condition , state (or) value of the process variable by extracting a small part of
energy from the measurement and produces an output which is proportional to the
input. Because of the energy expansion, the measured quantity is always disturb.
Good instruments are designed to minimise this loading effect.
2) Variable conversion (or) transducer element:
An element that converts the signal from one physical for to Another without
changing the information content of the signal Provinge:
• Bourdon tube and bellows which transfer pressure into displacement.
• Proving ring and other elastic members which converts force into displacement.
• Rack and Pinion: It converts rotary to linear and vice versa.
3) MANIPULATION ELEMENT:
It modifies the direct signal by amplification, filtering etc., so that a desired
output is produced.
[input]× constant = Output
4) DATA TRANSMISSION ELEMENT:
An element that transmits the signal from one location to another without
changing the information content. Data may by transmitted over long distances
(from one location to another) or short distances (from a test centre to a nearby
computer).
5) DATA PROCESSING ELEMENT:
An element that modifies data before it is displayed or finally recorded. Data
processing may be used for such purposes as:
• Corrections to the measured physical variables to compensate for scaling,
non-linearity, zero offsett, temperature error etc.
• Covert the data into useful form, e.g., calculation of engine efficiency from
speed, power input and torque developed.
6.Data presentation elements
• An element that provides record or indication of the output from the
data processing element. Ina measuring system using electrical
instrumentation, an exciter and an amplifier are also incorporated
into the circuit.The display unit may be required to serve the
following functions.
• transmitting
• Signalling
• Registering
• Indicating
• recording

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Instrumentation and control system

1. Direct and indirect measurement.

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