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    Chaptor 2 History and Development of Corrections

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    Devan K. Raman
    This document provides a brief history of corrections from the 1700s to present. It describes early punishments like transportation and stocks. It then discusses some of the earliest prisons in Europe which used solitary confinement and corporal punishment. The document outlines the development of prisons in America including Eastern State Penitentiary which pioneered solitary confinement, and the emergence of reform movements advocating humane treatment of prisoners led by figures like John Howard and Elizabeth Fry. It traces the evolution of the corrections system in America from a focus on rehabilitation to warehousing of prisoners to the current "just deserts" approach of holding prisoners accountable for their actions.

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    Chaptor 2 History and Development of Corrections

    Uploaded by

    Devan K. Raman
    89 views21 pages
    This document provides a brief history of corrections from the 1700s to present. It describes early punishments like transportation and stocks. It then discusses some of the earliest prisons in Europe which used solitary confinement and corporal punishment. The document outlines the development of prisons in America including Eastern State Penitentiary which pioneered solitary confinement, and the emergence of reform movements advocating humane treatment of prisoners led by figures like John Howard and Elizabeth Fry. It traces the evolution of the corrections system in America from a focus on rehabilitation to warehousing of prisoners to the current "just deserts" approach of holding prisoners accountable for their actions.

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    This document provides a brief history of corrections from the 1700s to present. It describes early punishments like transportation and stocks. It then discusses some of the earliest prisons in Europe which used solitary confinement and corporal punishment. The document outlines the development of prisons in America including Eastern State Penitentiary which pioneered solitary confinement, and the emergence of reform movements advocating humane treatment of prisoners led by figures like John Howard and Elizabeth Fry. It traces the evolution of the corrections system in America from a focus on rehabilitation to warehousing of prisoners to the current "just deserts" approach of holding prisoners accountable for their actions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    89 views21 pages

    Chaptor 2 History and Development of Corrections

    Uploaded by

    Devan K. Raman
    This document provides a brief history of corrections from the 1700s to present. It describes early punishments like transportation and stocks. It then discusses some of the earliest prisons in Europe which used solitary confinement and corporal punishment. The document outlines the development of prisons in America including Eastern State Penitentiary which pioneered solitary confinement, and the emergence of reform movements advocating humane treatment of prisoners led by figures like John Howard and Elizabeth Fry. It traces the evolution of the corrections system in America from a focus on rehabilitation to warehousing of prisoners to the current "just deserts" approach of holding prisoners accountable for their actions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    History and Development

    of Corrections

    CHAPTOR
    TWO

    Early Punishments
    1700
    Early punishments included
    transportation, indentured
    servitude and economic
    sanctions, public humiliation,
    pillory, stocks and ducking stools.

    The Hospice of San Michele (Rome),


    Maison de Force (Ghent, Belgium)
    1704
    Two very famous prisons were The Hospice of San Michele and the Maison de
    Force in Ghent, Belgium.
    Inmates were whipped and had to adhere to the rule of silence. These
    prisons were considered to be ideal models of the prison institution at the
    time.

    Reform (John Howard)


    1726
    John Howard was a Christian activist who fought for prison reform. He
    inspected jails in order to ensure that prisoners received humane
    treatment.

    Gaols (England) Early Jails


    1770
    Gaols/Jails were very small with few inmates. These institutions operated
    on a fee system.

    Philadelphia Prison Society (Benjamin


    Rush) 1787
    With the help of Quakers, he worked to improve conditions for prisoners
    housed in in the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia.

    Inspection House (Panopticon)


    1790
    Jerry Bentham was founder of the British Utilitarianism movement which
    suggested that laws should be evaluated to ensure that they are ethical
    and useful. He designed a model prison which was referred to as the
    Panopticon.

    Parole
    1800 - Present
    Parole began at the end of the 1800s. When it was instituted, many
    prisoners were already receiving clemency, pardons and early release for
    good behavior. Parole began with reformatories but spread to all prisons.

    Elizabeth Gurney Fry


    1813
    Fry worked to improve conditions for women who were imprisoned.

    Eastern State Penitentiary


    1822
    Eastern State Penitentiary was built on the outskirts of Philadelphia.
    Prisoners were in solitary confinement. This model was referred as an
    isolate system. The solitary confinement and penance would lead to
    rehabilitation of prisoners. Prisoners were also given a work detail which
    consisted of handicrafts.

    Auburn and Sing Sing


    Penitentiary (Mass Prisons)
    1825
    A congregate system was used. A rule of silence was enforced to keep the
    prisoners from corrupting one another.
    Strict control and severed discipline was common.
    Whipping was common.

    The Indiana State Reformatory (First


    Separate Prison for Women)
    1873
    This was the first separate female prison. Before instituting the first
    female prison, women were housed with men. They also received the
    same punishment as men. For that reason, women were preyed upon by
    both inmates and prison guards. In the early female prisons, women were
    often housed in cottages. The conditions for women in state prisons
    remained the same. They were subject to abuse and often required to
    endure long hours of hard labor.

    Reformatory (Elmira System)


    1876
    This was a prison system designed to house young men. It was believed
    that younger prisoners were capable of rehabilitation. An academic
    program was put in place and athletics was encouraged. The silent
    system was not used. A rewards system was used. Corporal punishment
    was used to control behavior.

    Probation (John Augustus)


    1878 - Present
    John Augustus was a humble shoemaker who advocated for fair
    treatment of criminals. He would house offenders who were sentenced to
    prison. After helping them get back on their feet, he would go to court
    with them. If their probationary program was satisfactory, the original
    sentence was suspended. The actual legal statute for probation was
    passed first by Massachusetts in 1878. Probation still exists today as a
    community based correction model.

    The Industrial Prison


    1890
    In an effort to meet the demands of the increasing prison population,
    the industrial prisons emerged. These prisons had heightened security
    via high brick walls and guard towers. Prisoners worked with steel,
    made cabinets and other goods to be sold on the market.

    Juvenile Court
    1899
    A special court for under age offenders was established. This type of
    court was informal and the goal was for young offenders to be
    rehabilitated. Vocational and academic programs were encouraged.
    Judges were expected to avoid custody if possible.

    Ashburn Summers Act


    1935
    This law put limits on prison manufacturing. The interstate
    transportation of goods made in prisons was prohibited. This resulted in
    a decrease of industrial prisons.

    The Treatment Era


    1945
    The nation was economically secure. During this postwar boom, there was
    an interest to reform prisons. After conducting research, it was
    determined that a medical model should be used in the prison system.
    Prisoners were considered ill and the cure would be rehabilitation through
    treatment.

    The Community Based Era


    ("Deinstitutionalization"
    1967
    A more humanistic approach was envisioned. The community base
    approach would help the inmate and it would help solve the problem of
    overcrowding prisons. Inmates took part in half-way houses and job
    release programs. Some were even allowed week end furloughs to visit
    family and loved ones.

    The Warehousing Model


    1980
    After many studies showed that efforts to rehabilitate criminals were
    failing miserably, it was evident that a new approach should be used.
    This led to the nothing works doctrine.
    The new approach would be to simply put criminals away so they would
    no longer be a menace to society.
    This is when the term warehousing began to surface. Prisoners were
    put away for determined periods of time without the earlier frills of
    treatment and coddling.

    The "Just Deserts Era"


    1995 - Present
    The just deserts doctrine goes back to the basics. Prisoners are held
    responsible for their actions. There is no attempt to explain away their
    criminality. If a person commits a crime, they will pay. This plain and
    simple approach emerged because of the embarrassing recidivism rates.
    One study showed it was high as 70%.

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