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Cooling Towers: An Overview: Presented by Deepak Kumar Sahoo O&M Solutions

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This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their main components, types, measured and performance parameters, and considerations for selection and optimization. The key components of cooling towers are frames, fill materials to facilitate heat transfer, cold water basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, and nozzles to spray water over the fill. The two main types are natural draft towers which use convection and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Performance is measured by parameters like range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Selection depends on heat load, desired temperature range, and wet bulb temperature. Optimization focuses on fill material, water treatment, drift elimination, and high efficiency fans.

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Cooling Towers: An Overview: Presented by Deepak Kumar Sahoo O&M Solutions

Uploaded by

deepak798
100 views25 pages
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their main components, types, measured and performance parameters, and considerations for selection and optimization. The key components of cooling towers are frames, fill materials to facilitate heat transfer, cold water basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, and nozzles to spray water over the fill. The two main types are natural draft towers which use convection and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Performance is measured by parameters like range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Selection depends on heat load, desired temperature range, and wet bulb temperature. Optimization focuses on fill material, water treatment, drift elimination, and high efficiency fans.

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Cooling Towers 2

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This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their main components, types, measured and performance parameters, and considerations for selection and optimization. The key components of cooling towers are frames, fill materials to facilitate heat transfer, cold water basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, and nozzles to spray water over the fill. The two main types are natural draft towers which use convection and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Performance is measured by parameters like range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Selection depends on heat load, desired temperature range, and wet bulb temperature. Optimization focuses on fill material, water treatment, drift elimination, and high efficiency fans.

Copyright:

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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
100 views25 pages

Cooling Towers: An Overview: Presented by Deepak Kumar Sahoo O&M Solutions

Uploaded by

deepak798
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their main components, types, measured and performance parameters, and considerations for selection and optimization. The key components of cooling towers are frames, fill materials to facilitate heat transfer, cold water basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, and nozzles to spray water over the fill. The two main types are natural draft towers which use convection and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Performance is measured by parameters like range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Selection depends on heat load, desired temperature range, and wet bulb temperature. Optimization focuses on fill material, water treatment, drift elimination, and high efficiency fans.

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You are on page 1/ 25

COOLING TOWERS:

AN OVERVIEW

Presented by
Deepak Kumar Sahoo
O&M Solutions

1
Points To be Discussed
• Introduction
• Principle
• Components of cooling towers
• Types of cooling towers
• Measured parameters of cooling towers
• Performance parameters

2
Main Features of Cooling
Towers

3
Components of a cooling
tower
• Frame and casing: support exterior enclosures
• Fill: facilitate heat transfer by maximizing water / air
contact
• Splash fill
• Film fill
• Cold water basin: receives water at bottom of tower
• Drift eliminators: capture droplets in air stream
• Air inlet: entry point of air

4
• Louvers: equalize air flow into the fill and retain
water within tower
• Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill
• Fans: deliver air flow in the tower

5
TYPES OF COOLING
TOWERS
• Natural draft
• Mechanical draft

6
Natural Draft Cooling
Towers
• Hot air moves through tower
• Fresh cool air is drawn into the tower
from bottom
• No fan required
• Concrete tower <200 m
• Used for large heat duties

7
Natural Draft Cooling
Towers

8
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

• Large fans to force air through circulated water


• Water falls over fill surfaces: maximum heat
transfer
• Cooling rates depend on many parameters
• Large range of capacities
• Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell tower

9
Forced Draft Cooling
Towers
• Air blown through
tower by centrifugal
fan at air inlet
• Advantages: suited for
high air resistance &
fans are relatively quiet
• Disadvantages:
recirculation due to
high air-entry and low
air-exit velocities

10
11
12
Measured Parameters
• Wet bulb temperature of air
• Dry bulb temperature of air
• Cooling tower inlet water temperature
• Cooling tower outlet water temperature
• Exhaust air temperature
• Electrical readings of pump and fan motors
• Water flow rate
• Air flow rate

13
Performance Parameters
1.Range
Temperature difference between water inlet and outlet in
degree centigrade
High range = good performance
Range oC = Heat Load in kcals/hour / Water Circulation Rate in
LPH
2.Approach
Difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water
temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature in degree
centigrade
Low approach = good performance
14
15
3.Effectiveness( in %)

= Range / (Range + Approach)

= 100 x (CW temp – CW out temp) / (CW in temp – Wet bulb


temp)

High effectiveness = good performance

4.Cooling Capacity

•Heat rejected in kCal/hr or tons of refrigeration (TR)

•= mass flow rate of water X specific heat X temperature


difference

•High cooling capacity = good performance

16
5. Evaporation Loss

Water quantity (m3/hr) evaporated for cooling duty

= theoretically, 1.8 m3 for every 10,000,000 kCal heat rejected

= 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation rate (m3/hr) x (T1-T2)

T1-T2 = Temp. difference between inlet and outlet water


6. Cycle Of Concentration

Ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the dissolved


solids in make up water

7. Blowdown losses

•Depend on cycles of concentration and the evaporation


losses Blow Down = Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C. – 1) 17
8. Liquid to Gas Ratio(L/G)

•Ratio between water and air mass flow rates.Heat removed


from the water must be equal to the heat absorbed by the
surrounding air

•L(T1 – T2) = G(h2 – h1)

•L/G = (h2 – h1) / (T1 – T2)

Where T1 = hot water temp (oC),T2 = cold water temp


(oC),h1=Enthalpy of air water vapor mixture at inlet wet bulb
temp ,h2= outlet wet bulb temp

18
Selection of Cooling Towers
Capacity
• Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)
• Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)

Range
• Range determined by process, not by system

Approach
• Closer to the wet bulb temperature
• = Bigger size cooling tower
• = More expensive
19
Heat Load
• Determined by process
• Required cooling is controlled by the desired operating
temperature
• High heat load = large size and cost of cooling tower
Wet bulb temperature – considerations:
• Water is cooled to temp higher than wet bulb temp
• Conditions at tower site
• Not to exceed 5% of design wet bulb temp
• Is wet bulb temp specified as ambient (preferred) or inlet
• Can tower deal with increased wet bulb temp
20
• Cold water to exchange heat
Relationship range, flow and heat load
• Range increases with increased
Amount circulated water (flow) and Heat load
• Range increases if
• Inlet water temperature increases
• Exit water temperature decreases
• Consequence = larger tower
Relationship Approach and Wet bulb temperature
• If approach stays the same (e.g. 4.45 oC)
• Higher wet bulb temperature (26.67 oC)
= more heat picked up (15.5 kCal/kg air)
= smaller tower needed
• Lower wet bulb temperature (21.11 oC)
= less heat picked up (12.1 kCal/kg air)
21
= larger tower needed
Fill Media

• Hot water distributed over fill media and cools down


through evaporation
• Fill media impacts electricity use
• Efficiently designed fill media reduces pumping costs
• Fill media influences heat exchange: surface area,
duration of contact, turbulence

22
• Pumps
• Optimize cooling water treatment
• Increase cycles of concentration (COC) by cooling water
treatment helps reduce make up water
• Indirect electricity savings

• Install drift eliminators


• Reduce drift loss from 0.02% to only 0.003 – 0.001%

23
Cooling Tower Fans
• Fans must overcome system resistance,
pressure loss: impacts electricity use
• Fan efficiency depends on blade profile
• Replace metallic fans with FBR blades (20-30%
savings)
• Use blades with aerodynamic profile (85-92% fan
efficiency)

24
THANK YOU

25

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