To Draw Projections of Any Object, One Must Have Following Information

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH ITS DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS ITS POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
TERMS ABOVE & BELOW WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS INFRONT & BEHIND WITH RESPECTIVE
TO V.P FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4

QUADRANTS.
IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE

POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )
OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN
PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.
OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions can be presented only
of an object two in each view.
Adjacent view(s)
Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.
Depth
Height
Width
Width Depth
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect

to observer.
2. The observer move around the

object.
REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Top view
Front view Right side view

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view
Front view Right side view

THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view
History
Depth
Width
Height
VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
ITS TOP VIEW a ab

ITS FRONT VIEW a a b
ITS SIDE VIEW a a b
SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 ARE USED.
Point A is Placed In
Different quadrants
and its FV & TV are brought in
same plane for Observer to see
clearly.
FV is visible as it is a view on
VP. But as TV is is a view on Hp,
it is rotated downward 900,
In clockwise direction. The
In front part of HP comes below
xy line and the part behind VP
comes above.
Observe and note the process.
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
ND
2 QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
Placed In VP a
different A A
a
quadrants
and its Fv & Tv a
are brought in HP OBSERVER
same plane for
Observer to see HP OBSERVER
clearly.
Fv is visible as
it is a view on a
VP. But as Tv is
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The a
In front part of
Hp comes below
HP
xy line and the HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
part behind Vp
comes above.
a
Observe and a
note the A a
process. POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv
PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a a
A Y
Y
Y a
a
a
X a X X A
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP
a a
X Y X Y X
a Y
a
a a
HP HP HP
PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
ITS LENGTH,
POSITION OF ITS ENDS WITH HP & VP
ITS INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW ITS PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.
SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)
2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.
3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.
4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.
5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
Important Facts About Projection of
Lines/Planes
True Shape and size of Line/Plane

can be viewed only in the Projection
plane which is parallel to the
Line/Plane.
The Distance/angle from one plane

is visible in the plane perpendicular
to that plane i.e. Distance/ Angle
from HP can beseen in the VP
For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a
Note: a
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1.
FV &
Tv is a point. b
A Line b
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B
& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X
H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a Fv b
b &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a
H.P.
Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b
3. b
A Line inclined to Hp B
a
and Y
parallel to Vp a X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A b
a
T.V. b
X
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections
Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
a Fv b
A Line inclined to Vp b
and a
parallel to Hp A

B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a
Tv
a b
b
H.P.

To Draw Projections of Any Object, One Must Have Following Information

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To Draw Projections of Any Object, One Must Have Following Information

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

TERMS ABOVE & BELOW WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE

1. Revolve the object with respect

2. The observer move around the

Front view Right side view

Front view Right side view

Left side view

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

ITS TOP VIEW a ab

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

True Shape and size of Line/Plane

The Distance/angle from one plane

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