Projection of Points and Lines

1. Projections – Information
2. Notations
3. Quadrant Structure.
4. Object in different Quadrants – Effect on position of views.
5. Projections of a Point – in 1st quadrant.
76.. LSiinmepsle– COabsjeesctoivfeLi&neTsy.pes.
7
8. Lines inclined to one plane.
9. Lines inclined to both planes.
10. Imp. Observations for solution
11. Important Diagram & Tips.
12. Group A problems 1 to 5
13. Traces of Line ( HT & VT )
14. To locate Traces.
15. Group B problems: No. 6 to 8
16. HT-VT additional information.
17. Group B1 problems: No. 9 to 11
18. Group B1 problems: No. 9 to 1
19. Lines in profile plane
20. Group C problems: No.12 & 13
21. Applications of Lines:: Information
22. Group D: Application Problems: 14 to 23
23. Lines in Other Quadrants:( Four
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING
INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” b’

a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
 VP
1ST Quad.
2nd Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

4th Quad.
3rd Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 Point A is POINT A IN POINT A IN
Placed In VP
2 QUADRANT
ND 1ST QUADRANT
different A VP a
A
quadrants
and it’s Fv & Tv
are brought in
a’
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see a
clearly.
OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is HP
a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp a
comes above. HP
OBSERVER
OBSERVER

Observe and
note the HP
process. a

a A POINT A IN
a’ ’
A VP 4TH QUADRANT
POINT A IN
3 RD QUADRANT
VP
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A
Y Y
Y
a’
a
a
X X X A
a

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above Fv above Fv on xy,

xy, Tv xy, Tv on Tv below
below xy. xy. xy.
 VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV OF
LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation)
Note:
V.P.
a’ a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Fv
1.
FV Length &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicula Y
X Y
r to Hp B

& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
2. Fv & Tv both are
a’ Fv b’
b’ // to
A Line xy &
B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. b’

A Line inclined to Hp B
a’ 
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A
a b
b T.V.
X

a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
a’ Fv b’
b’
A Line inclined to Vp
and a’
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
b
H.P.
 For Tv For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
b’ Hp and Vp b’
(Pictorial presentation)
B B
 
Y Y
On removal of object a’
a’
i.e. Line AB
Fv as a image on Vp.
A Tv as a image on Hp, A
 
X
X
a b a T.V. b
T.V.
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ 

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced
Hence it comes below TV lengths.
xy.
H.P. b
 Orthographic Projections Note the procedure Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line When Fv & Tv known, When True Length is known,
AB are shown below, How to find True How to locate Fv & Tv.
with their apparent Inclinations Length. (Component a-1 of TL is drawn
& (Views are rotated to determine which is further rotated
True Length & it’s inclinations to determine Fv)
with Hp & Vp).
V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b1’

FV FV
TL
a’  a’ 

X Y X Y

a a  b2
 TV

TV TV

H.P. b H.P. b

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY True Inclination with Hp. In this sketch, TV is rotated and
line Hence it’s corresponding made // to XY line.
FV Hence it’s corresponding FV a’
a’ b’ is not showing b1’ Is showing
True Length & True Length
 & Here a -1 is
True Inclination with Hp. component of TL ab1
gives length of Fv.
Hence it is brought Up
to Locus of a’ and
further rotated to get
point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
Similarly drawing component
of other TL(a’ b1‘) Tv can be
drawn.
 The most important diagram showing graphical 1) True Length ( TL) – a’ b1’ & a b
relations among all important parameters of this 2)Angle of TL with Hp -
TEN Important
topic. 3)Angle of TL with Vp –
parameters
Ø
Study and memorize it as a CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
And use in solving various problems. to be remembered
4)Angle of FV with xy –  with
V.P. Notations
Distance used here
between End
b’
5)Angle of TV with xy – 
b1’ onward

6) LTV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)

7) LFV (length of TV) – Component (a’-1’)
 8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from xy
 1’
a’
LTV NOTE this

X Y
&  Construct with a’

a LFV 1
Ø&  Construct with a
Ø b’ & b1’ on same

locus. b & b1 on
same locus.

Also Remember
b b1 True Length is never rotated. It’s horizontal component
H.P. is drawn & it is further rotated to locate view.

Views are always rotated, made horizontal & further

extended to locate TL,  & Ø
 GROUP (A)
GENERAL CASES OF THE LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP
PROBLEM 1) ( based on 10 parameters).
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is I.e. Tv.
300 & 400 Inclined to Hp & Vp
respectively. End A is 12mm b’ b’1
above Hp and 10 mm in front of
Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant. FV
TL
SOLUTION STEPS:
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a’ 12mm above xy 
line & a 10mm below xy line.
3) Take 300 angle from a’ & 400 from
a’
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on both
Y
lines. Name those points b1’ and b1
respectively.
Xa LFV
4) Join both points with a’ and a resp. Ø 1
5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus)
from both points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a b1 from point b1 and name it 1.
( the length a-1 gives length of TV TL
Fv
as we have seen already.)
7) Extend it up to locus of a’ and
rotating a’ as center locate b’
as shown. Join a’ b’ as Fv.
8) From b’ drop a projector down
ward & get point b. Join a & b
b b1
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it’s Fv
makes 550. End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If
line is in 1st quadrant draw it’s projections and find it’s inclination
with Hp.
b’ b b’1
Solution Steps:-
1. Draw x-y line. b
2. Draw one projector for a’ & a 1
3. Locate a’ 10mm above x-y 0
& Tv a 15 mm below xy. 55
4. Draw a line 450 inclined to xy
from point a and cut TL 75 mm
on it and name that point b1 a’
Draw locus from point b1
5. Take 550 angle from a’ for X y
Fv above xy line.
6. Draw a vertical line from b1
up to locus of a and name it 1. a LFV
1
It is horizontal component of
TL & is LFV.
7. Continue it to locus of a’ and
rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it b’.This a’
b’ line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from b’
on locus from point b1 and
name intersecting point b.
Line a b is Tv of line AB.
9. Draw locus from b’ and from
a’ with TL distance cut point b1‘
LOCUS OF b
10. Join a’ b1’ as TL and measure
it’s angle at a’.
It will be true angle of line with HP.
LOCUS OF
 PROBLEM 3:
Fv of line AB is 500 inclined to xy and
measures 55 mm long while it’s Tv is 600
inclined to xy line.
b’
If end A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in b’1
front of Vp, draw it’s projections,find TL,
inclinations of line with Hp & Vp.

SOLUTION STEPS:
1. Draw xy line and one projector.
500
2. Locate a’ 10 mm 
above xy and a 15 mm a’
below xy line. X
3. Draw locus from these points. y
4. Draw Fv 500 to xy
from a’ and mark b’ a
Cutting 55mm on it. 
5. Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy 600
from a & drawing projector
from b’ Locate point b and join
a b.
6. Then rotating views as
shown, locate True Lengths
ab1 & a’b1’ and their angles
with Hp and Vp.

b1
b
 PROBLEM 4 :-
Line AB is 75 mm long .It’s Fv and Tv measure 50 mm & 60 mm long
respectively. End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw
projections of line AB if end B is in first quadrant.Find angle with Hp and Vp.
b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1. Draw xy line and one projector.
2. Locate a’ 10 mm above
xy and a 15 mm below xy
line.
3. Draw locus from these points.  LTV 1’
4. Cut 60mm distance on a’
locus of a’ & mark 1’ on it as
it is LTV.
Y
5.
locus of a and mark point 1 as it is LFV.
Similarly Similarly cut 50mm
a LFV on X1

6. From 1’ draw a vertical line
upward and from a’ taking TL
( 75mm ) in compass, mark
b’1 point on it.
Join a’ b’1 points.
7. Draw locus from b’1
8. With same steps below get b1
point and draw also locus from
it.
9. Now rotating one of the components
I.e. a-1 locate b’ and join a’ b1
 with it to get Fv.
10. Locate tv similarly and measure
Angles  & 
b
PROBLEM 5 :-
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
End C is in Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is above Hp.
Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp d’ d’1 LOCUS OF d’ & d’1
and Vp.

SOLUTION STEPS: m int &

1. Draw xy line and one e join
projector. e c’ d’
2. Locate c’ on xy and t 8. Dr
c 50mm below xy line. a
3. Draw locus from these t c’ w

points. h Y lo
4. Draw locus of d 15 mm i d1 cu
s
d LOCUS OF
below xy s
5. Cut 50mm & 75 mm of
distances on locus of d from c a d’
and mark points d & d1 as r an
these are Tv and line CD c d
lengths resp.& join both with cu
c. i t
6. From d1 draw a vertical line
n 75
upward up to xy I.e. up to  m
dc m
locus of c’ and draw an arc as
’ on
shown.
7 Then draw one projector from it
p
d to fr
o
 om c’ as TL

X
d & d1
9. Measure Angles  & 
 GROUP (B)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRACES OF THE LINE.

TRACES OF THE LINE:-

THESE ARE THE POINTS OF INTERSECTIONS OF A LINE ( OR IT’S EXTENSION )

WITH RESPECTIVE REFFERENCE PLANES.

A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES H.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON H.P.( IT IS CALLED H.T.)

SIMILARLY, A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES V.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON V.P.( IT IS CALLED V.T.)

V.T.:- It is a point on Vp.

Hence it is called Fv of a point in Vp.
Hence it’s Tv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as v)
H.T.:- It is a point on Hp.
Hence it is called Tv of a point in Hp.
Hence it’s Fv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as ’h’ )
 b’

STEPS TO LOCATE HT.

(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.)
1. Begin with FV. Extend FV up to XY
a’
line.
2. Name this point h’ v h’
( as it is a Fv of a point in Hp)
x y
3. Draw one projector from h’.
4. Now extend Tv to meet this VT’ HT
a
projector. This point is HT

STEPS TO LOCATE VT.

(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.) Observe & note :-
1. Points h’ & v always on x-y line. b
1. Begin with TV. Extend TV up to XY
2. VT’ & v always on one projector.
line.
2. Name this point v 3. HT & h’ always on one projector.
( as it is a Tv of a point in Vp) 4. FV - h’- VT’ always co-linear.
3. Draw one projector from v.
4. Now extend Fv to meet this 5. TV - v - HT always co-linear.
projector. This point is VT
These points are used to
solve next three problems.
PROBLEM 6 :- Fv of line AB makes 450 angle with XY line and measures 60 mm.
Line’s Tv makes 300 with XY line. End A is 15 mm above Hp and it’s VT is 10 mm
below Hp. Draw projections of line AB,determine inclinations with Hp & Vp and locate HT, VT.

b’ b’1

a’ 
450

15
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector x v
h’
y
and locate fv a’ 15 mm 10 300
above xy.
Take 450 angle from a’ and VT’
marking 60 mm on it locate point b’.
a 
Draw locus of VT, 10 mm below xy
& extending Fv to this locus locate VT.
as fv-h’-vt’ lie on one st.line.
Draw projector from vt, locate v
on xy. From v take 300 angle
b b1
downward as Tv and it’s
inclination can begin with v.
Draw projector from b’ and locate b I.e.Tv point.
Now rotating views as usual TL and
it’s inclinations can be found.
Name extension of Fv, touching xy as
h’ and below it, on extension of Tv,
locate HT.
PROBLEM 7 :
One end of line AB is 10mm above Hp and other end is 100 mm in-front of Vp.
It’s Fv is 450 inclined to xy while it’s HT & VT are 45mm and 30 mm below xy respectively.
Draw projections and find TL with it’s inclinations with Hp & VP.
b’ LOCUS OF b’ & b’1
b’1

a’ 450

10 v h’
X Y
30
45
VT’ HT
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and
locate a’ 10 mm above xy. 100
Draw locus 100 mm below xy for points b & b1 a 
Draw loci for VT and HT, 30 mm & 45 mm
below xy respectively.
Take 450 angle from a’ and extend that line
backward to locate h’ and VT, & Locate v on xy
above VT. Locate HT below h’ as shown.
Then join v – HT – and extend to get top view end b.
Draw projector upward and locate b’ Make a b & a’b’ dark. b b1 LOCUS OF b & b1
Now as usual rotating views find TL and it’s inclinations.
PROBLEM 8 :- Projectors drawn from HT and VT of a line
AB are 80 mm apart and those drawn from it’s ends are
50 mm apart.
End A is 10 mm above Hp, VT is 35 mm below
Hp while it’s HT is 45 mm in front of Vp. Draw
projections,
VT
locate traces and find TL of line & inclinations with Hp
and Vp.
b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:- 55
1. Draw xy line and two
projectors, 80 mm apart and
locate HT & VT , a’
Locus of a’ 
35 mm below xy and 55 mm
above xy
respectively on these projectors.
2. Locate h’ and v on xy as usual. X 10 50 v
y
h’ b
3. b
Now just like previous two problems, 1

Extending certain lines complete Fv & Tv

35
And as usual find TL and it’s inclinations.
a 
HT

80
 Instead of considering a & a’ as projections of first point,
if v & VT’ are considered as first point , then true inclinations of line
with Hp & Vp i.e. angles  &  can be constructed with points VT’ & V
respectively.

b’ b1’

Then from point v & HT

a’
angles  &  can be drawn.
v &
X Y
 From point VT’ & h’
angles  &  can be drawn.


VT’

THIS CONCEPT IS USED TO

a
SOLVE
NEXT THREE PROBLEMS.
b b1
PROBLEM 9 :-
Line AB 100 mm long is 300 and 450 inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and it’s VT is 20 mm below Hp b’ b1’
.Draw projections of the line and it’s HT.
FV

Locus of a & a1’ a’ a1’

SOLUTION STEPS:- 10
Draw xy, one projector X v h’
and locate on it VT and V. Y
(450)
Draw locus of a’ 10 mm above xy.
20  (300)

Take 300 from VT and draw a VT’

line. Where it intersects with HT
locus of a’ name it a1’ as it is
TL of that part.
From a1’ cut 100 mm (TL) on it and locate point b1’
Now from v take 450 and draw a line downwards
& Mark on it distance VT-a ’ I.e.TL of extension & namea it a a 1
1 1
Extend this line by 100 mm and mark
point b1. Draw it’s component on locus
of VT’
& further rotate to get other end of Fv i.e.b’ TV
Join it with VT’ and mark intersection
point (with locus of a1’ ) and name it a’
Now as usual locate points a and b and h’ and HT.
b b1
 PROBLEM 10 :-
A line AB is 75 mm long. It’s Fv & Tv make 450 and 600 inclinations with X-Y line
resp End A is 15 mm above Hp and VT is 20 mm below Xy line. Line is in first
quadrant. b1’
Draw projections, find inclinations with Hp & Vp. Also locate HT. b’

FV

Locus of a & a1’ a’ a1’

15 h’
X v Y
600

20

450
VT’
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Similar to the previous only HT
change is instead of line’s
inclinations, views inclinations a a1
are given.
So first take those angles from VT
& v Properly, construct Fv & Tv of
extension, then determine it’s TV
TL( V-a1)
and on it’s extension mark TL of
line and proceed and complete it.
b b1
 PROBLEM 11 :- The projectors drawn from VT & end A of line AB are 40mm apart.
End A is 15mm above Hp and 25 mm in front of Vp. VT of line is 20 mm below Hp.
If line is 75mm long, draw it’s projections, find inclinations with HP & Vp

b’ b1’

a’ a1’
15
X v Y
20 
25 
VT’
a
Draw two projectors for VT & end 40mm
A Locate these points and then
b b1
YES !
YOU CAN COMPLETE IT.
 GROUP (C)
CASES OF THE LINES IN A.V.P., A.I.P. & PROFILE PLANE.

b’ Line AB is in AIP as shown in above figure no 1.

It’s FV (a’b’) is shown projected on Vp.(Looking in arrow direction)
Here one can clearly see that the
Inclination of AIP with HP = Inclination of FV with XY line
a’ 


A A.V.P.


Line AB is in AVP as shown in above figure no 2..
a b
It’s TV (a b) is shown projected on Hp.(Looking in arrow direction)
Here one can clearly see that the
Inclination of AVP with VP = Inclination of TV with XY
line
LINE IN A PROFILE PLANE ( MEANS IN A PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH HP & VP)
For T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF LINE IN PROFILE PLANE

VP VT PP
a’ a”
A a’

FV LSV

b’ b’ b”
X Y
HT

a
B
TV
a
b
b HP

Results:-
1. TV & FV both are vertical, hence arrive on one single
projector.
2. It’s Side View shows True Length ( TL)
3. Sum of it’s inclinations with HP & VP equals to 900 (  +
 = 900 )
4. It’s HT & VT arrive on same projector and can be easily
located From Side View.
OBSERVE CAREFULLY ABOVE GIVEN ILLUSTRATION AND 2nd SOLVED PROBLEM.
PROBLEM 12 :- Line AB 80 mm0long, makes 300 angle with Hp b’
and lies in an Aux.Vertical Plane inclined to Vp. b’ Locus of b’ 1
45
End A is 15 mm above Hp and VT is 10 mm below X-y line.
Draw projections, fine angle with Vp and Ht.

Locus of a’ & a1’

a’ a1’
15
X v 450 h’
10 Y

VT HT 

AVP 450 to VP

Simply consider inclination of

AVP as inclination of TV of Locus of b’
our line, well then? b b1
You sure can complete it
as previous problems!
Go ahead!!
 PROBLEM 13 :- A line AB, 75mm long, has one end A in Vp. Other end B is 15 mm above Hp
and 50 mm in front of Vp.Draw the projections of the line when sum of it’s
Inclinations with HP & Vp is 900, means it is lying in a profile plane.
Find true angles with ref.planes and it’s traces.

VT (VT)
a’ a”
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Side View
After drawing xy line and one Front view ( True Length )

VP
projector Locate top view of A I.e
point a on xy as It is in Vp, b’ b”
Locate Fv of B i.e.b’15 mm above xy as X a  (HT)
HP Y
it is above Hp.and Tv of B i.e. b, 50 mm
below xy asit is 50 mm in front of
Vp Draw side view structure of Vp top view
and Hp and locate S.V. of point B
i.e. b’’
From this point cut 75 mm distance on Vp b
and Mark a’’ as A is in Vp. (This is also VT
HT
of line.) From this point draw locus to left
& get a’ Extend SV up to Hp. It will be HT.
As it is a Tv Rotate it and bring it on
projector of b.
Now as discussed earlier SV gives TL of line
and at the same time on extension up to Hp &
Vp gives inclinations with those panes.
 APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTIONS OF LINES
IN SOLVING CASES OF DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SITUATIONS.

In these types of problems some situation in the field

or
some object will be described .
It’s relation with Ground ( HP )
And
a Wall or some vertical object ( VP ) will be given.

Indirectly information regarding Fv & Tv of some line or lines,

inclined to both reference Planes will be given
and
you are supposed to draw it’s projections
and
further to determine it’s true Length and it’s inclinations with ground.

Here various problems along with

actual pictures of those situations are given
for you to understand those clearly. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
Now looking for views in given ARROW directions, WITH THE SOLUTIONS
YOU are supposed to draw projections & find GIVEN IN THE END.
answers, Off course you must visualize the situation ALL THE BEST !!
properly.
PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular
compound wall, whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1M & 5.5 M from
walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 4M & 1.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance
between them If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable
scale..
TV

B Wall Q

A
FV
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m above
ground and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on
opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m,
Then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.

TV

0.3M THICK
A
PROBLEM 16 :- oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground.

TV

C
A

FV
45
mm

B
PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due
East-South. Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A.
Pipe line from B runs 200 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it’s inclination with ground.

A
12 M
B E

C
PROBLEM 18: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower,
15 M high, At the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is is due North-West
direction of observer and object B is due West direction. Draw projections of
situation and find distance of objects from observer and from tower also.

O
300

450

A
S

B
W
PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m above
ground, are attached to a corner of a building 15 M high, make 300
and 450 inclinations with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart.
Determine by drawing their projections,Length of each rope and
distance of poles from building.
TV

15 M

A 300

4.5 M

450

7.5M
PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to be strengthened by four stay rods from each corner
by fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.

TV

4M
PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported by
four chains from it’s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M above the center of
the platform.
Draw projections of the objects and determine length of each chain along with it’s inclination
with ground.

TV
Hook H

A C

B
PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.

Ceiling

TV

Bulb

Switch

D
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL BY TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM

350

Wall railing
 PROBLEM NO.24
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
SOME CASES OF THE LINE End C is 15 mm below Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
IN DIFFERENT End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is above Hp.
QUADRANTS. Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp and Vp.
REMEMBER:
BELOW HP- Means- Fv below xy
BEHIND V p- Means- Tv above xy. d’ d’1 LOCUS OF d’ & d’1

X Y
 d d1 LOCUS OF d & d1
c’

c 
PROBLEM NO.25
End A of line AB is in Hp and 25 mm behind Vp.
End B in Vp.and 50mm above Hp.
Distance between projectors is 70mm.
Draw projections and find it’s inclinations with Ht, Vt.

LOCUS OF b’ & b’1

b’ b’1

a 

X a’  b b1 Y
LOCUS OF b & b1

70
PROBLEM NO.26
End A of a line AB is 25mm below Hp and 35mm behind Vp.
Line is 300 inclined to Hp.
There is a point P on AB contained by both HP & VP.
Draw projections, find inclination with Vp and traces.

a 
b’ b’1 LOCUS OF b’ & b’1

35

p p’
X y
p’1
25
=300
a’

LOCUS OF b & b1
b
b1
PROBLEM NO.27
End A of a line AB is 25mm above Hp and end B is 55mm behind Vp.
The distance between end projectors is 75mm.
If both it’s HT & VT coincide on xy in a point,
35mm from projector of A and within two projectors,
Draw projections, find TL and angles and HT, b b1
VT.

55

a’

25
X Vt Y
Ht


a
35 b’ b’1

75
 PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1.5M & 1 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 3.5M & 5.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between
them If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable scale..

b’
b’1

3,5M
a’
1.5M
x y
Wall P Wall P
B
1.5M
a
3.6M
1M
A
Wall Q
b
5.5M
Wall Q F.V.
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m above ground
and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6
m, Then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.

TV
b’ b1’
B
3.00 m
a’

1.5m A
WALL
0.3M
(GL) THICK
X Y
b
0.3m 1.5m

Wall thickness
1.2m
a
2.6m
REAL DISTANCE BETWEEN
MANGOS A & B IS = a’ b1’
 PROBLEM 16 :-
oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest Tv
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground. O
o’
C

TL2 TL1

b1’ b’ Fv
x
a’ a1’ c’ c1’
y
a B

o Answers:
TL1 TL2 & TL3
b
c
 PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due South -
East. Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B
runs 150 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it’s inclination with ground.

12m
a’ b’
1
5 5
1

FV

A 12 M
x c’ c’1 c’ B E
2 y
N
W
a
b EAST
0
45
C
150

TV

c
= Inclination of pipe line BC
SOUTH
PROBLEM 18: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is is due North-West direction of observer and
object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from
observer and from tower also.
o’
300
0
45

15M
O
a’1 a’ 300
450
b’
N

W E A
b o S
Answers:
Distances of objects
B
from observe W
o’a’1 & o’b’
From tower S
oa & ob
 PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m above ground,
are attached to a corner of a building 15 M high, make 300 and 450 inclinations
with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart. Determine by drawing their
projections,Length of each rope and distance of poles from building.

c1 ’ c’2 TV

c’
30
b
0
’ C
a 15
45 M
’ 0
7.5
4.5 M
M 15 M

300
12 A
M 4.5 M
a b 450
B

7.5
M

c
Answers:
Length of Rope BC= b’c’2
Length of Rope AC= a’c’1

Distances of poles from building = ca & cb

PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to be strengthened by four stay rods from each corner
by fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.

FV
a’

TV
True Length
Answers:
Length of each rod
= a’b’1
A
Angle with Hp.
=
X b’1 Y
b’
4M
a
B

TV
PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported by four chains
from it’s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M above the center of the platform.
Draw projections of the objects and determine length of each chain along with it’s inclination
with ground.
h’

TV
H
TL 5M Hook

d’
1 a’d’ b’c’ (GL)
x y

d c
D
1.5 M
h
A C
a b
2M
Answers:
Length of each chain
= a’d’1 B
Angle with Hp.
=
 PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.

6.5m Ceiling

TV
1m b’ b’1 Bulb

3.5m
a’

1.5
x y Switch
a
D

5m b

B- Bulb
A-Switch
Answer :- a’ b’1
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL BY TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM

h’

(chains)

a’b’
1.5M
A 350

1M B

c’d D
(wall railing)
’
X Y
a1 C Wall railing
ad (frame)

bc (chains)

b1
Answers:
Length of each chain=
hb1
True angle between
chains =