Projections and Points - Dr. Annamalai - Final

Engineering Drawing
Course Code: MEE 1001
Projections of Points
CONTENT
1. Introduction to Projection
2. First angle and third angle projection
Introduction to
Projections
Theory of projections
Projection Theory
In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and structures are
represented graphically on a 2-dimensional media.
The act of obtaining the image of an object is termed

“projection”
The image obtained by projection is known as a “view”
Based on three variables:

1.Line of sight
2.Plane of projection
3.Observer
Line of Sight
•An imaginary ray of light between an observer’s eye and an object.
•In perspective projection, all lines of sight start at a single point
•In parallel projection, all lines of sight are parallel
Plane of Projection
•An imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the line of sight is
projected
•The image is produced by connecting the points where the lines of sight
pierce the projection plane.
•3-D object is transformed into a 2-D representation, also called projections
The paper or computer screen

on which a drawing is created
is a plane of projection
Perspective projection Vs Parallel projection
Perspective projection
•Distance from the observer to the object is finite and the object
is viewed from a single point – projectors are not parallel.
•Perspective projections mimic what the human eyes see,
however, they are difficult to draw.
Parallel projection
•Distance from the observer to the object is infinite projection
lines are parallel – object is positioned at infinity.
•Less realistic but easier to draw.
Projection Methods
The principal projection planes and quadrants used to

create first- and third-angle projection drawings
First Angle and Third Angle Projection
First Angle Vs Third Angle Projection
Symbol of projection
The type of projection obtained should be indicated symbolically in the

space provided for the purpose in the title box of the drawing sheet.
The symbol recommended by BIS is to draw the two sides of a frustum

of a cone placed with its axis horizontal The left view is drawn
Projection of
Points
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
To draw projections of any object, One must have

ollowing information
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
Terms ‘above’ & ‘below’ with respective to H.P.

Terms ‘infront’ & ‘behind’ with respective to V.P , form 4 quadrants.
Objects can be placed in any one of these 4 quadrants.

Notations
Following notations should be followed while naming

Different views in orthographic projections.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a ab
IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”
Same system of notations should be followed

incase numbers, like 1, 2,
3 – are used.
VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
This quadrant pattern, If observed along x-y line ( in red arrow

direction) will exactly appear as shown on right side and hence,
it is further used to understand illustration properly.
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3 QUADRANT
RD
VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv
PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
For
A Fv
Y Y
Y For
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A For
Fv
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP
a’ a’
X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a
a a
HP HP HP
Projection of Points
Point P is 15 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of
V.P. Draw its front and top view.
Problem-1
Point A is 40 mm above HP and 60 mm in front of
V.P. Draw its front and top view.
Problem-2
Draw the projections of a point A lying on V.P and
70 mm above HP.
Problem-3
Draw the projections of a point A lying on HP and
25mm in front of VP.
Summary
1.The front view and top view of a point are always on the
same vertical line
2.The distance of the front view of a point from XY line is
always equal to the distance of the given point from HP
3.The distance of the top view of a point from the XY line is
always equal to the distance of the given point from VP
4.If a given point is above HP, its front view is above XY line.
If the given point is below HP, its front view is below XY line
5.If the given point is in front of VP, its top view is below XY
line. If the given point is behind the VP, its top view is above
XY line
Ex No 3 Manual Drawing - Projection of Points
q’*
p’
*
q* 35
30 25
X Y
40
p*

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Engineering Drawing

Course Code: MEE 1001

The act of obtaining the image of an object is termed

Based on three variables:

The paper or computer screen

The principal projection planes and quadrants used to

The type of projection obtained should be indicated symbolically in the

The symbol recommended by BIS is to draw the two sides of a frustum

To draw projections of any object, One must have

Terms ‘above’ & ‘below’ with respective to H.P.

Objects can be placed in any one of these 4 quadrants.

Following notations should be followed while naming

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

Same system of notations should be followed

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

This quadrant pattern, If observed along x-y line ( in red arrow

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

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