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Class 1: Angles
Class 5: Theorems 1- 4
Class 8: Theorem 8
Class 9: Theorem 9
An angle is formed when two lines meet. The size of the angle measures
the amount of space between the lines. In the diagram the lines ba and bc
are called the arms of the angle, and the point b at which they meet is
called the vertex of the angle. An angle is denoted by the symbol .An
angle can be named in one of the three ways:
.
a
b Angle
Amount of space
.
c
1. Three letters
.
a
b .
c
.
a
b 1 . c
.
a
b B .
c
Right angle
Straight angle
Angles at a point
.
p
K
L intersects K at p
written : L K = {p}
Parallel lines
L is parallel to K
Written: LK
Parallel lines never meet and are usually indicated by arrows.
Parallel lines always remain the same distance apart.
Perpendicular
L
L is perpendicular to K
Written: L K
The symbol is placed where two lines meet to show that they are
perpendicular
Now work on practical examples
in your maths book.
Parallel lines and Angles
C
The diagram below shows a line L and four other parallel lines intersecting it.
.
The angles marked with are also
. A
corresponding angles
. B
B
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Quadrilaterals
. ..
.. .
Rhombus
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. Opposite angles are equal
. ..
.. .
4. Diagonals bisect each other 5. Diagonal intersects at right 6. Diagonals bisect opposite
angles angles
.. .
. ..
Rectangle
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal
3. All angles are right angles 4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each
other
Square
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. All angles are right angles
.. ..
.. ..
Types of Triangles Isosceles Triangle
Equilateral Triangle
.
. . a b
3 equal sides
2 sides equal
3 equal angles
Base angles are equal
Scalene triangle a = b
(base angles are the angles
opposite equal sides)
3 unequal sides
3 unequal angles
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Congruent triangles
Congruent means identical. Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have
equal lengths of sides, equal angles, and equal areas. If placed on top of each other
they would cover each other exactly.
a x
abc xyz
b c y z
The symbol for congruence is . For two triangles to be congruent (identical), the
three sides and three angles of one triangle must be equal to the three sides and three
angles of the other triangle. The following are the tests for congruency.
Case 1
SSS
Three sides
Case 2
Two sides and the included angle of = Two sides and the included angle of
one triangle one triangle
SAS
(side, angle, side)
Case 3
ASA
(angle, side, angle)
Case 4
A right angle, the hypotenuse and = A right angle, the hypotenuse and
the other side of one triangle the other side of one triangle
RHS
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)
Now do practical examples on
congruent triangles in your maths
book.
Theorem: Vertically opposite angles are equal in measure.
L
Given: Intersecting lines L and K, with vertically
opposite angles 1 and 2.
3
1 2
To prove : 1=2
1=2
Q.E.D.
Theorem: The measure of the three angles of a triangle sum to 180.
1+2+3=180
Q.E.D.
Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite
angles in measure.
a
1
2 4 3
b c
Given: A triangle with interior opposite angles 1 and 2 and the exterior angle 3.
To prove: 1+ 2= 3
Construction: Label angle 4
Proof: 1+ 2+ 4=180 Three angles in a triangle
b 1 2 c
d
Given: The triangle abc, with ab = ac and base angles 1 and 2.
To prove: 1 = 2
Construction: Draw ad, the bisector of bac. Label angles 3 and 4.
Proof: Consider abd and acd:
ab = ac given
3 = 4 construction
ad = ad common
abd acd SAS
1 = 2 Corresponding angles
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: Opposite sides and opposite angles of a parallelgram are respectively
equal in measure.
a d
1 4
3 2
b c
Given: Parallelogram abcd
To prove: ab = dc , ad = bc
abc = adc, bad = bcd
Construction: Join a to c. Label angles 1,2,3 and 4.
Proof: Consider abc and adc :
1= 2 and 3= 4 Alternate angles
ac = ac common
abc adc ASA
ab = dcand ad = bc Corresponding sides
And abc = adc Corresponding angles
Similarly, bad = bcd Q.E.D.
Theorem:A diagonal bisects the area of a parallelogram.
a d
b c
24
.
15
o
3
b c
.
o
c
b
b .
o
2
c
To prove: bac = 90
.
4o
3
d
2
c
To prove: bad + bcd = 180
Proof: 3 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on
the circumference. (both on minor arc bd)
4 = 2 2 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the
circumference. (Both on the major arc bd)
3 + 4 = 2 1 + 2 2
But 3 + 4 = 360 Angles at a point
2 1 + 2 2 = 360
1 + 2 = 180 i.e. bad + bcd = 180
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord.
a
1 d
c
L
2
b
Given: Circle, centre c, a line L containing c, chord [ab], such
that L ab and L ab = d.
To prove: ad = bd
Construction: Label right angles 1 and 2.
Proof: Consider cda and cdb:
1 = 2 = 90 Given
ca = cb Both radii
cd = cd common
cda cdb RHS
Corresponding sides
ad = bd
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: If two triangles are equiangular, the lengths of the corresponding sides are in
proportion.
2 2 Proof: 1 = 4
Proof:
b a 3+ 4+ 5 = 180 Angles in a triangle
But 5 = 90 => 3+ 4 = 90
a 2 c
b
c => 3+ 2 = 90 Since 2 = 4
1
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.