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    Total Station Instrument: Unit 1

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    shreedevi
    This document discusses the principles and methods of distance measurement using total station instruments. Total stations combine the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. There are two main methods for electronic distance measurement - transit time method and phase difference method. The transit time method measures distance based on the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from the transmitter to a target and back. The phase difference method measures the phase change between the transmitted and received waves, which corresponds to fractions of the wavelength and thus the distance. Modern total stations use phase difference methods for highly accurate distance measurements.

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    Total Station Instrument: Unit 1

    Uploaded by

    shreedevi
    39 views20 pages
    This document discusses the principles and methods of distance measurement using total station instruments. Total stations combine the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. There are two main methods for electronic distance measurement - transit time method and phase difference method. The transit time method measures distance based on the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from the transmitter to a target and back. The phase difference method measures the phase change between the transmitted and received waves, which corresponds to fractions of the wavelength and thus the distance. Modern total stations use phase difference methods for highly accurate distance measurements.

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    01 EDM.pptx

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    This document discusses the principles and methods of distance measurement using total station instruments. Total stations combine the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. There are two main methods for electronic distance measurement - transit time method and phase difference method. The transit time method measures distance based on the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from the transmitter to a target and back. The phase difference method measures the phase change between the transmitted and received waves, which corresponds to fractions of the wavelength and thus the distance. Modern total stations use phase difference methods for highly accurate distance measurements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    39 views20 pages

    Total Station Instrument: Unit 1

    Uploaded by

    shreedevi
    This document discusses the principles and methods of distance measurement using total station instruments. Total stations combine the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. There are two main methods for electronic distance measurement - transit time method and phase difference method. The transit time method measures distance based on the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from the transmitter to a target and back. The phase difference method measures the phase change between the transmitted and received waves, which corresponds to fractions of the wavelength and thus the distance. Modern total stations use phase difference methods for highly accurate distance measurements.

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    Total Station Instrument

    UNIT 1
    D is ta n c e M e a s u re m e n t

    D ire c t In d ire c t
    (le n g th m e a s u re m e n t) (d is ta n c e m e a s u re m e n t)
    e g m e a s u rin g ta p e

    G e o m e tric a l E le c tro n ic
    (O p tic a l) (W a v e P h y s ic s )
    Electronic Distance
    Measurement (EDM)
    Distance Measurement by Electronic
    method.
    Based on Hard-wired algorithm.
    Relay on Generation, Propagation,
    Reflection and subsequent Reception
    of Electro-Magnetic Waves.
    Electromagnetic Energy
    Electromagnetic energy or electromagnetic
    radiation (EMR) is the energy propagated in
    the form of an advancing interaction
    between electric and magnetic fields.
    EMR is a dynamic form of energy that
    propagates as wave motion at a velocity of c
    = 3 x 〖 10 〗 ^10 cm/sec.
    The parameters that characterize a wave
    motion are wavelength (λ), frequency (ν)
    and velocity (c).
    Properties of Electromagnetic
    Waves
    Cycle
    Frequency
    Wavelength
    Period
    Velocity
    Phase of wave
    Electromagnetic Energy
    Cycle : When the wave moves through two
    identical points on its path, it is said to have
    completed one cycle.
    Wavelength (λ): It is the length traversed in x-
    direction by the wave when it is complete one
    cycle.
    Frequency (f) : The number of cycles completed
    by the wave in one second is called frequency (f).
    Period (T) : It is the time taken by the wave to
    travel through one cycle a distance equal one wave
    length.
    Electromagnetic Energy
    Velocity (v) : Velocity of a wave is a
    distance travelled by one second.
    Phase of wave: It is the length
    traversed in x-direction by the wave
    when it is complete one cycle.
    Electronic Angle Measurement
    Combined the function of theodolite &
    EDM – TOTAL STATION.

    EDM Equipment classification


    On basis of range of operation
    On the basis of carrier wave Used
    EDM Equipment classification
    EDM Equipment classification
    Principles of EDM
    Operation:
    A wave is transmitted and the returning wave is measured to find the
    distance traveled.
    Basic Function
    Basic Principles of EDM
    Distance from measurement of transit
    time.
    Measurement of distance from phase
    difference.
    Measurement of Distance by
    Transit Time

    The time taken to travel from one point


    (transmitter) to another point (receiver)
    is called TRANSIT TIME.
    Distance (D)= Velocity(V)*(time)

    TRANSMITTER. RECEIVER
    Measurement of Distance by
    Transit Time

    For distance of 1 km, the transit time is


    3 x 10-6 Sec.
    The signal is sometimes reflected at B
    by a reflector back to A.

    Distance=
    Measurement of Distance from
    Phase Difference
    The phase difference is equal to the difference of the phase
    angle of the reflected signal and the phase angle of
    transmitted signal.
    ∆Φ = Φ2 - Φ1
    Where
    ∆Φ = phase difference
    Φ1= phase angle of transmitted signal
    Φ2= phase angle of the reflected signal

    The phase difference is usually expressed as fraction of the


    wavelength (λ).

    ∆Φ 0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚


    Lengths 0 λ/4 λ/2 3λ/4 λ
    Measurement of Distance from
    Phase Difference
    Time is too short- difficult to measure
    Phase Difference method is Used.
    TRANSMITTER. RECEIVER

    λ λ λ λ λ λ

    D’ = 3 λ + λ/4.....(2)
    D = 3 λ + λ/4.......(1)
    By adding Equation (1) and (2)
    2D = 6 λ + λ/2
    Measurement of Distance from
    Phase Difference
    In general
     
    D = λ + ∆λ]
    2D = n λ + ∆λ or
    Where
    D = distance between A and B
    n = number of whole waves travelled by the
    wave from A to B and back from B to A’.
    λ= wave length.
    ∆λ = fraction of wave length travelled by
    the wave from A to B and back from B to A’.
    Measurement of Distance from
    Phase Difference
    The
       value of ∆λ is depends upon the phase difference of
    the wave transmitted and that received back.
    It is found by means of an electrical phase detector
    which is built in unit at A.
    It senses and measures the phase angle of the EMW as it
    is transmitted from A and received back at A.

    ∆λ= (x λ

    Hence
     
    D = n λ + (λ]

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