SOLUTION AND

COLLOID

solution & colloid 1

 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

solution & colloid 2

SOLUTION

No. 1 INTRODUCTION

MATTER

Definition Classification

State of matter Mixture

Pure substance
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 THE STATE OF
MATTER

Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter

Mixture Pure substance

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
mixture mixture Element Compound

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 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

Homogenous mixtures called solutions

And
Their distant relatives, colloidal
suspensions

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 Solutions

•Solutions are homogeneous mixtures

of two or more substances in which
the components are present as
atoms, molecules, or ions
•These uniformly distributed particles
are too small to reflect light, and as a
result solutions are transparent
(clear) – light passes through them

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 SUBSTANCES OF SOLUTIONS

Solutions

Solute Solvent
•The substance is •The most abundant
dissolved in a substance in a
solution is called
solvent is called
solvent
solute

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 SOLUTE

Solute

Electrolyte Nonelectrolyte
A solute that when A solute that when
dissolved in water dissolved in water
forms a solution forms a solution
that conducts that does not
electricity. conduct electricity.
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 HEATS OF SOLUTION
Heat is usually absorbed or released when a
solute dissolves in a solvent.
1. The process is endothermic, if heat is
absorbed, and solution becomes cooler.
2. The process is exothermic, if heat is released,
and solution temperature increases.

Endothermic : Solute + Solvent + Heat

Solution (NH4NO3 in water)
Exothermic : Solute + Solvent
Solution + Heat (NaOH in water)
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION

No. 2 Types of solution

Chemical term Medical term

• Saturated • Hypotonic
• Isotonic
• Super saturated • Hypertonic

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 Hypotonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic solutions
• Hypotonic solutions : the solution with the lower
concentration of solute
• If the concentration of water in the medium surrounding
a cell is greater than that of the cytosol. Water enters
the cell by osmosis
• Isotonic solutions : the solution being compared have
equal concentration of solutes.
• When red blood cells are placed in a 0.9% salt solution,
they neither gain nor lose water by osmosis
• Hypertonic solutions : The solution with the higher
concentration of solutes.
• If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3% salt),
they lose water by osmosis and the cells shrivel up.
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 Red blood cells in the Hypotonic,
Isotonic and Hypertonic solutions

Red blood cells

Red blood cells Red blood cells
with hypotonic
with isotonic with hypertonic
solution
solution solution
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 SATURATED AND
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS

SOLUBILITY

•Soluble substances dissolve completely

in the solvent and form solution
•Insoluble substances do not dissolve in
the solvent
•The term immiscible is used to describe a
liquid solute that does not dissolve in a
liquid solvent solution & colloid 15
 SATURATED AND SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
• A saturated solution is a solution in which the
maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in a
quantity of solvent.
• A supersaturated solution is a solution in which the
amount of solute dissolved is greater than the solute
solubility.
• Supersaturated solutions are usually prepared by
forming a nearly saturated solution at a high
temperature and then slowly cooling the solution to a
lower temperature at which the solubility is lower.
Such solutions are not stable. The addition of small
amount of solid solute (or even a dust particle) will
usually cause the excess solute to crystallize out of
solution until the solution becomes saturated.
solution & colloid 16
CRYSTALLIZATION CONVERTS A SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION TO A SATURATED SOLUTION

A supersaturated Seed crystal is added After excess solute is

solution and induces rapid crystallized, the
crystallization remaining solution is
saturated
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

solution & colloid 18

SOLUTION

No. 3 Concentration

• Molar (M) • Percent (%)

•Molarity (M) : • Percent : a solution
a solution concentration that
concentration that is expresses the amount
expressed in term of of solute in 100 parts
the number of moles of of solution.
solute contained in a
liter of solution.
continued to next slide
solution & colloid 19
Continuation :

•Weight/weight percent : a concentration

that expresses the mass of solute
contained in 100 mass units of solution.
•Weight/volume percent : a concentration
that expresses the grams of solute
contained in 100 ml of solution.
•Volume/volume percent : a concentration
that expresses the volume of liquid solute
contained in 100 unit volume of solution.

solution & colloid 20

 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

solution & colloid 21

SOLUTION

No. 4 SOLUTION PROPERTIES

Electrical conductivity and

colligative properties

Colligative properties
(continued to next slide)
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COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
•The properties that depend only on
the concentration of solute particles
present and not on the actual identity
of the solute.
•The closely related colligative
properties are
1. Vapor pressure
2. Boiling point
3. Freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure
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The equation for calculated the boiling point or
freezing point difference between pure solvent
and solution

•Δ tb = nKbM
•Δ tf = nKfM
Δ t is the boiling point or freezing point
difference between pure solvent and
solution.
Kb and Kf are constants characteristic
of the solvent used in the solution.
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for example :
Calculate the boiling and freezing points of
the following solutions
• 171.0 g of sugar (C12H22O11) is dissolved in enough water
to give 1.00 L of solution
• Answer :
a. To fine the boiling point, calculate solution
molarity :
171.0 g (C12H22O11) 1 mol C12H22O11 =

342.0 g C12H22O11
= 0.50 mol C12H22O11
M = moles of solute/liters of solution = 0.50 mol/1.0 L
= 0.50 mol/L
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Continuation:
b. Determine n : because sugar does not
dissociate upon dissolving, n = 1.

c. Δ tb = nKbM = (1)(0.52 0C/M)(0.50M)

= 0,26 0C

d. Δ tf = nKfM = (1)(1.86 0C/M)(0.50M)

= 0,93 0C

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 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

•Is the hydrostatic pressure required to

prevent the net flow of solvent through a
semipermeable membrane into a solution.
•Osmotic pressure ()
 = nMRT (van’t Hoff equation)
T = temperature in Kelvins
R = the ideal gas constant
M = the solution molarity

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 OSMOSIS

•The process in which solvent flows

through a semipermeable
membrane into a solution.

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION
No. 5 Dialysis

• Earlier we discussed semipermeable

membranes that selectively allow
solvent to pass but retain dissolved
solutes during osmosis.
• Dialysis, another membrane process, is
also important in living organisms.
solution & colloid 30
 Continuation

•Dialyzing membranes :
•A semipermeable membranes with
pores large enough to allow solvent
molecules, other small molecules,
and hydrat ions to pass through (are
semipermeable membranes with
larger pores than osmotic
membranes).
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 Continuation

•Dialysis : A process in which solvent

molecules, other small molecules, and
hydrat ions pass from a solution
through a membrane (is the passage
of ions and small molecules through
such membranes).

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 DIALYSIS.
This is one method of dialysis used to purify proteins
solution & colloid 33
solution & colloid 34
 A similar technique is used to clean
the blood of people suffering kidney
mal function

•The blood is pumped through tubing

made of a dialyzing membrane.
•The tubing passes through a bath in
which impurities collect after
passing out of the blood.
•Blood proteins and other important
large molecules remain in the blood.
solution & colloid 35
 Continuation

•Dialysis is most commonly used to

remove salts and other small
molecules from solutions of
macromolecules. During the
separation and purification of
biomolecules, small molecules are
added to selectively precipitate or
dissolve the desire molecule.
solution & colloid 36
Continuation
•Dialysis is also useful for removing
small ions and molecules that are
weakly bound to biomolecules.
Protein cofactors such as NAD,
FAD, and metal ions can be
dissociated by dialysis. The removal
of metal ions is facilitated by the
addition of a chelating agent (EDTA)
to the dialysate.
•Minerals are bound by EDTA, these
are: Ca, Fe, etc.
solution & colloid 37
 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid
COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

solution & colloid 38

COLLOID

No. 1

INTRODUCTION :
° Definition
° Diameter of
colloid particle

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Definition
•colloids (or colloidal suspensions)
are homogeneous mixture of two or
more components in which there is
more of one component than of the
others.
• In solutions the terms solvent and
solute are used for the
components, but in colloids the
terms dispersing medium (for
solvent) and dispersed phase (for
solute) are used.
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DIAMETERS OF THE DISPERSED PHASE

•The dispersed phase of colloids is

made up of much larger particles (very
large molecules or small pieces of
matter) with diameters:

10ˉ7 to 10 ˉ5 cm (10 – 1000 A˚)

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

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 TYPES OF COLLOID

Type
Dispersing Dispersed Name Examples
medium phase

Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, aerosol sprays, some air

pollutants
Gas Solid Smoke, some air pollutants
Liquid Gas Foam Whipped cream, shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, mayonnaise
Liquid Solid Sol Paint, ink, gelatin dessert
Solid Gas Solid foam Marshmallow, pumice stone,
foam rubber
Butter, cheese
Solid Liquid
Pearls, opals, colored glass,
Solid Solid
some metal alloys
solution & colloid 43
 LYOPHOBIC AND LYOPHILIC
SYSTEM

Colloidal solutions with a liquid as

Dispersion medium can be divided
roughly into two Categories :
1. Lyophilic Sols
2. Lyophobic Sols

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE TWO TYPES
1. SURFACE TENSION 1. SURFACE TENSION OFTEN
SIMILAR TO THAT OF LOWER THAN THAT OF
DISPERSION MEDIUM. DISPERSION MEDIUM.
2. VISCOSITY SIMILAR TO 2. VISCOSITY MUCH HIGHER
THAT OF MEDIUM. THAN THAT OF MEDIUM.
3. SMALL QUANTITIES OF 3. SMALL QUANTITIES OF
ELECTROLYTES CAUSE ELECTROLYTES HAVE
PRECIPITATION. LITTLE EFFECT, BUT
LARGE AMOUNTS MAY
CAUSE SALTING OUT.
4. THE PARTICLES CANNOT
4. THE PARTICLES ARE BE READILY DETECTED IN
EASILY DETECTED IN THE THE ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
5. THE PARTICLES MAY
5. THE PARTICLES MIGRATE MIGRATE IN EITHER
IN ONE DIRECTION IN AN DIRECTION OR NOT AT
ELECTRIC FIELD. ALL IN ELECTRICAL FIELD.

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid
COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

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COLLOID

No.3 Colloid properties

BROWNIAN
TYNDALL EFFECT
MOVEMENT

COLLOID COLLOID
FORMATION DESTRUCTION

EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
STABILIZING AGENTS
solution & colloid 47
 TYNDALL EFFECT

•When a beam of light passes

through them, they will be
scattered the light, and the path
of the light becomes visible.
•And hence it is generally called
the Tyndall effect.

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 source colloid CuSO4 Fe(OH)3

The light beam passes from left to right through a

purple gold sol (a colloid), a blue copper sulfate
solution, and colloidal iron (III) hydroxide. The
light path can be seen in both colloids, but not in
the copper sulfate solution.
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 BROWNIAN MOVEMENT

•As is to be expected, because of

their small size, colloidal particles
are seen in the ultramicroscope to
display vigorous Brownian
movement.

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 COLLOID FORMATION AND
DESTRUCTION

• Much of the interest in colloids is related to their

formation or destruction.
• Colloid particles tend to attract and absorb ions
that are present in the dispersing medium.
• The charge (+ or -) of the adsorbed ions
depends on the nature of the colloid, but all
colloid particles within a particular system will
attract only one charge or the other.
• This repulsion help prevent the particles from
coalescing into aggregates large enough to
settle out.
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 EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
STABILIZING AGENTS

•Emulsifying agents is substances that

stabilize the colloids (prevented from
coalescing)

•For examples :
1. Egg : the compound in the egg
yolk acting as the emulsifying
agents
2. Soaps and detergents
3. CMC = carboxyl methyl cellulose
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