WCDMA Basic Theory

WIRELESS NETWORK MASTER PLANNING

By: Manuel M. Aquino Jr.

Future Access Technologies
Access Network Planning Department

WNMP WCDMA
 The Goal of this Course

After this course, you should be able to

• Understand the technology behind

WCDMA and its advantages

• Understand the roots and roadmap

of WCDMA

• Be familiar with the basic

architecture of a WCDMA network

WNMP WCDMA
 Content

WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Basic Principle
WCDMA Architecture

Training GLOBE TELECOM

WNMP WCDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communications 

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
WNMP WCDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communications

1G – 1 st Generation: Analog Cellular

1) Feature:
• frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
• analog signal
• narrow band
2)Main mode: AMPS TACS NMT
3)Limitations:
• hard to develop digital bearer services
• cannot adopt to digitization of fixed networks
• low frequency efficiency
• cannot meet larger capacity requirements
• easy to be eavesdropped

WNMP WCDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communications

2G – 2 nd Generation: Digital Cellular

1) Feature:
• time division multiple access (TDMA)
narrow code division multiple access (N-CDMA)
• digital signal, narrow band
• strong anti-interference capability
• security is guaranteed with authentication and encryption
• can support ISDN
2) Main mode: GSM D-AMPS N-CDMA
3)Limitations:
• Narrow bandwidth unable to provide various broadband
information services such as high speed data services.

WNMP WCDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communications

3G – 3 rd Generation: Digital Cellular – IMT 2000

1) Feature:
• code division multiple access (CDMA)
• digital signal
• broadband
• integrated service system integrating all current mobile
telephone system functions providing multiple services
• large capacity
2) meaning of ‘2000’:
• frequency spectrum around 2000MHz
• data rate up to 2000kbps
• putting into business about 2000
3) Main mode: WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

WNMP WCDMA
 Evolution of Mobile Communications

4G – 4 th Generation: Hybrid IP Based Mobile Network

1) Feature:
• 3G Mobile Voice and Data Service, Broadband
Access, Video Call
• > 10 Mbps Data Rate
• In principle will allow high-quality smooth video
transmission

WNMP WCDMA
 Birth of IMT2000

Future Public Land Mobile

1985 FPLMTS
Telecommunications System

International Mobile
1996 IMT 2000 Telecommunications 2000

WCDMA (Japan)
CDMA 2000 (USA)
UTRA-WCDMA (Europe)
TD-SCDMA (China)
DECT (Europe) WCDMA/NA (USA)
GLOBAL CDMA GLOBAL CDMA
(Asynchronous, Korea) UWC-136 (USA) (Synchronous, Korea) WIMS-WCDMA (USA)

WCDMA TD-SCDMA CDMA2000

1999 UMTS
3GPP 3GPP2
WNMP WCDMA
 The Goal of IMT 2000

• Higher transmit rate 2Mbps

• Rich and colorful service
• Good voice quality
• Larger capacity
• Lower cost
• Good security performance
• High frequency efficiency
• Increased Mobility
• Easy to transition from 2G

WNMP WCDMA
 Standard Framework of IMT 2000

Core Networks of other

IMT-2000 family members

UIM MT RAN CN CN

UIM-MT MT-RAN RAN-CN NNI

Interface Interface Interface

WNMP WCDMA
 Family concept

WCDMA
CN based on MAP

CDMA2000 3G TD-SCDMA
CN based on ANSI-41 standards CN based on MAP

CDMA is the main technology of 3G

WNMP WCDMA
 Family concept

CN(Core Network) 2G/3G Radio Network

IS-95

IS-41 CN CDMA2000

NNI

GSM CN GSM

WCDMA

WNMP WCDMA
 3G Standard Organization

WNMP WCDMA
WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA Technology Evolution 

9.6kbps 64kbps 144kbps 2Mbps

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G
WCDMA
EDGE

GSM GPRS

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access uses direct

sequence spread-spectrum technology to transmit a number of
independent conversations across 5MHz segments of the
radio spectrum.
WNMP WCDMA
 UMTS Protocol Version Evolution
• Inherit all the service • Inherit all the service and f • Inherit all the service and
and function of 2G(G unction of R99 function of R4
SM and GPRS ） • CS domain change: contro • Add IMS domain
• CN is composed of C l is separated from bearer • Enhanced IP QoS,
S domain and PS dom ， the function of MSC ca supporting End to End IP
ain n be complete by split SE multimedia service
• WCDMA UTRAN ac RVER,MGW
cess • Voice supported by CS do
• main, supporting: TDM,A
Iu interface between
TM,IP
R5
RAN and CN

R4

R99

Specification complete time

2000 2001 2002
WNMP WCDMA
 UMTS R99 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

3G Rel. 99
Node B

RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN
2G
BTS
GGSN
BSC
SMSC

MSC TMSC SGSN

HLR

WNMP
BTS WCDMA
 UMTS R4 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

3G Rel. 4 SGSN
Node B MSC Server GMSC Server

IP Backbone
MGW

RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN
2G
BTS
GGSN
BSC
SMSC

MSC TMSC HLR

WNMP
BTS WCDMA
 UMTS R5 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

3G Rel. 5
Node B MSC Server GMSC Server
IMS

IP Backbone
MGW

RNC
MGW
Node B
PSTN/
SS7oIP PLMN SGSN
2G
BTS

BSC

SMSC
GGSN

HSS/H
HLR
MSC TMSC
LR

WNMP
BTS WCDMA
 UMTS
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
Fig. 1 Uplink
Working frequency: 2GHz Fig. 2 Downlink
Bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10 ms

TDD mode 5 MHz channel

.
..Uplink and Downlink ..
.

WNMP WCDMA
 3G Spectrum

WNMP WCDMA
 Content

WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Basic Principle
WCDMA Architecture

Training GLOBE TELECOM

WNMP WCDMA
 Advantages of WCDMA(1)

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

Frequency 
Frequency  1 2
reuse factor is 
reuse factor is 
7
6
1
3
4
1;
5
1;
network design 
30 kHz
network design  Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

and expanding 
and expanding  GSM
become much 
become much  8 Users 2
easier
1
easier 4
3

200 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA 1
1 1
1
1 1
100 Users 1 1
@12.2kbps/user 1 1
1
1 1
5 MHz 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

WNMP WCDMA
 Advantages of WCDMA(2)

Large capacity
Large capacity FDMA

FDMA­­­Different user use different  Power

frequency Tim u en
cy
eq
e Fr
TACS 、 AMPS
TDMA
TDMA­­­Different user use different 
time slot of one frequency Power

GSM 、 DAMPS
y
e nc
Tim
re qu
e F

WCDMA­­­Different user use same  CDMA
frequency at the same time,but with 
different spreading code Power

cy
en
WNMP Tim
e WCDMA
Fr
eq u
 Advantages of WCDMA(3)

large coverage
large coverage
almost 2 times than GSM, save money for 
almost 2 times than GSM, save money for 
operator
operator

Example:cover
Example:cover1000
1000kmkm22：
：
GSM
GSM need
need 200
200BTS
BTS
WCDMA
WCDMAonly onlyneed
need5050BTS
BTS
Attention:
Attention:exact
exactresult
resultneed
need“Link
“LinkBudget
Budget””

WNMP WCDMA
 Advantages of WCDMA(4)

High privacy and hard to eavesdropped
 High privacy and hard to eavesdropped

Each user is below

Spread signal the noise deeply

Information Demodulated
signal signal

TX RX

Spread code Spread code

WNMP WCDMA
 Advantages of WCDMA(5)

Use soft handoff: decrease drop­call rate
Use soft handoff: decrease drop­call rate

WCDMA
WCDMA： ：””make before break”­­­soft handoff
make before break”­­­soft handoff
Other systems: “make after break”­­­hard handoff
Other systems: “make after break”­­­hard handoff

WNMP WCDMA
 Advantages of WCDMA(6)

Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the UE
Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the UE
Power low, healthy for human body.
Power low, healthy for human body.

                
                Mean Power           Max Power
Mean Power           Max Power
GSM:             125mW                   2W
GSM:             125mW                   2W
WCDMA:      2mW                      200mW
WCDMA:      2mW                      200mW
WNMP WCDMA
 Content

WCDMA Overview
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Basic Principle
WCDMA Architecture

Training GLOBE TELECOM

WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA is a Spread-Spectrum System

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Spread Spectrum
 Traditional technologies try to
Slow
Narrowband
Signal Slow
squeeze the signal into the
Information
Sent
Information
Recovered
minimum required bandwidth
TX RX
 Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum
systems mix their input data with
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM a fast spreading sequence and
Wideband Signal transmit a wideband signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
 The spreading sequence is
TX RX independently regenerated at the
receiver and mixed with the
Fast
Spreading
Fast
Spreading
incoming wideband signal to
Sequence Sequence
recover the original data

WNMP WCDMA
 What is Spread Spectrum?

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Spread signal
Spread Data Stream

Input Recovered
Data Data

Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

Definition:Spread spectrum technique, employ a transmission bandwidth

that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal
bandwidth.
Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence,transmits
spread data stream
Receiver intercepts the stream,uses same spreading sequence to
extract original data
WNMP WCDMA
 Spread Process

Digital Signal Spreading Signal

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
Spreading

1 -1 1 -1

Spreading Code

WNMP WCDMA
 De-spread Process

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 De- -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
spreading
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1
1 1 1 1

-4 4 -1 1
Integrator Adjudge
0 0

WNMP WCDMA
 Spread Spectrum Principles
Shannon's Formula
C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal
N is average power for noise

In
In1948
1948Claude
ClaudeShannon
Shannonpublished
publishedhis
hislandmark
landmarkpaper
paperononinformation
information
theory.
theory.AAMathematical
MathematicalTheory
TheoryofofCommunication.
Communication.His Hispaper
paperso so
clearly
clearlyestablished
establishedthe
thefoundations
foundationsof
ofinformation
informationtheory
theorythat
thathis
his
framework
frameworkandandterminology
terminologyare
arestandard
standardtoday.
today.He
Hedied
diedFebruary
February4, 4,
2001 at age 84.
2001 at age 84.
WNMP WCDMA
 Illustration to SS Principle(1)

MAT
HAM H
MER
Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth

MATH
HAMMER

12.2 KHz
5 MHz

WNMP WCDMA
 Illustration to SS Principle(2)

Many code channels are individually

“spread” and then added together to
create a “composite signal”

WNMP WCDMA
 Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Spread Data Stream
(Base Band + Spreading Sequence)
Input Recovered
Data Data
(Base Band) (Base Band)

Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

• Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence

• The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered if the
original spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized
• After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact

WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA Spreading Principle
Using Multiple Codes

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams
X+A X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B X+A

Input Recovered
Data Data
X X

SpreadingSpreadingSpreading SpreadingSpreadingSpreading
Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence
A B C C B A
• Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then
reapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream.
• The spreading sequences can have different desired properties.
• All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper
synchronization at the recovering destination.
WNMP WCDMA
 “Shipping and Receiving” via WCDMA

Shipping Receiving

FedEx

FedEx
Data Mailer Mailer Data

• Whether in shipping and receiving or in WCDMA, packaging is

extremely important!
• Cargo is placed inside “nested” containers for protection and to allow
addressing.
• The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the
reverse order.
• WCDMA “containers” are spreading codes.

WNMP WCDMA
 Multiple Access
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission
medium by multiple independent users.

Since the beginning of telephony and radio,

system operators have tried to squeeze the
maximum amount of traffic over each circuit. Transmission
• Types of Media:
– Twisted pair - copper Medium

– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optic cable
– Air interface (radio signals)
• Advantages of Multiple Access Each pair of user
– Increased capacity: serve more enjoys a dedicated,
users private circuit through
the transmission
– Reduced capital requirements
medium, unaware that
since fewer media can carry the the other users exist.
traffic
– Easier to manage and administer
WNMP WCDMA
 Channels
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission
FDMA
medium for one user’s information.
The transmission medium is a resource that can be Power
subdivided into individual channels according to the
technology used. cy
• FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Tim ue
n
eq
e Fr
– Each user on a different frequency
– A channel is a frequency
TDMA
• TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
– Each user on a different window period in Power
time (“time slot”) n cy
Tim ue
– A channel is a specific time slot on a e Fre
q

specific frequency
• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMA
– A channel is a unique code pattern
Power
– Each user uses the same frequency all the
y
time, but mixed with different Ti e nc
m qu
distinguishing code patterns e Fr
e

WNMP WCDMA
 Physical Channels(1)

The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the

time:
– Superframe
One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio
frames.
– radio frame
One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15
timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400
chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
– Timeslot
A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding
to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot
depends on the specific type of the physical channel.

WNMP WCDMA
 Physical Channels(2)
• The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Tslot= 2560 chip

Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15

Tf=10 ms

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71

Tsuper=720 ms

WNMP WCDMA
 Key Technologies of WCDMA

• Power Control

• Handover Control

• Rake receiving

WNMP WCDMA
 Why Power Control?

• All WCDMA users occupy the same

frequency at the same time! Frequency
and time are not used as discriminators.
• WCDMA operates by using CODES to
discriminate between users.
• WCDMA interference comes mainly from
nearby users
• Each user is a small voice in a roaring
crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.

Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled

so their signals reach the base station at the same signal level
and at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure
acceptable service quality.
WNMP WCDMA
 Power Control

DL power control UL power control

Cell transmitting UE signal

power

Transmitting power control bit Power control

order

Overcome Near-Far effect and fading compensation

ensuing network capacity

WNMP WCDMA
 Near-Far Effect

Power Power

f f

Nearby terminals have higher Power control reduce the

probability of success interference among each UEs
and increase system capacity

WNMP WCDMA
 3 methods of power control

Open loop: measure received signal level and

adjust transmitting power

Inner-loop: frequency 1500HZ

Measured SIR> Target SIR, lower
transmitting power
Measured SIR< Target SIR, increase
transmitting power

Outer-loop: measure FER, adjust target SIR

WNMP WCDMA
 Power control

Open loop power control （ no feedback ）

RNC

UE Node B
Closed loop power control （ feedback ）

RNC
Inner-loop
Outer-loop

UE Node B

WNMP WCDMA
 Power control

Open loop
1
1
Node Node
B B
2 2

If received signal is stronger,then If received signal is weaker,then UE

UE can transmit lower can transmit stronger

PROBLEM
Assumes same exact path loss in both directions; therefore, cannot acc
ount for asymmetrical path loss
Estimates are based on total power received
WNMP WCDMA
 Power control

”Power down”
SIR estimation
SIR ”Power down”
Node estimation
SIR B ”Power up”
RNC target SIR
SIR ”Power ...” estimation
estimation
...

Inner-loop power control is fast

Inner-loop ： according to SIR estimation,Node-B control UE

transmission power.conducted every 0.66ms (1500Hz )

Outer-loop ： according to FER measurement estimation RNC control

and adjust SIR target
WNMP WCDMA
 The Effect of Power Control

The purpose of DL power control:

Saving power resource of base station, reducing
interference to other station.
The purpose of UL power control:
Overcoming Near-Far effect, received signal level
from all UEs is the same.

WCDMA system
n
capacity depend o
power control

WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA Handoffs

While in the Idle Handoff

Idle State

Soft Handoff

Softer Handoff
During
a Call
Hard Handoff

WNMP WCDMA
 Soft/Softer Hand-off

C C
A A

B B

C C
A A

B B

C C
A A

B B

WNMP WCDMA
 Soft/Softer Hand-off

• The soft/softer handover allows to swap from one cell to another

without call interruption or without deleting all old radio links (by
opposition to hard HO).
• It also allows the UE to be connected to more than one cell
simultaneously.
Soft Handover Softer Handover
Soft Handover Softer Handover
The
Thetwo
twoNode
Node Bs Bs
may CN
CN CN
CN
maybelong
belong totothe
the
same
same RNC
RNC
SRNC DRNC SRNC
Iur
Node B Node B

WNMP WCDMA
 Hard Hand-off
• The hard handover procedure is used in case of
Hard Handover
service quality degradation or for traffic distribution
management.
CN
• During the hard handover procedure, all the old
radio links with the UE are abandoned before new RNC or
SRNC BSC
ones are established.
• Hard handover may occur in the following Node B
Node B
or BTS
main cases :
• When the UE is handed over another UTRAN
carrier, or technology or mode.
• When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)

WNMP WCDMA
 Traffic control

• When traffic surpass system

threshold, traffic control
begin

• To accept as many services as

possible while keeping the
stability of the system.

WNMP WCDMA
 Example for load control
• Breath effect of cell
– With the increase of activated
terminals, interference increase
– the increase of high speed service,
the increase of interference
– The shrink of cell coverage area
– Coverage blind spot occurs
Coverage and
– Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell capacity are
relative

WNMP WCDMA
 Multipath Propagation

Transmit

Strength

Received Signal

0 Time

WNMP WCDMA
 RAKE Receiving

d1
d2

d3

transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
noise

t t t

WNMP WCDMA
 RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving combining signal
receiver
Single
receiving

searcher calculate
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE overcome multi-finger interference ， improve receive capability

WNMP WCDMA
 Multi-finger receiver
• Traditionally
– Multi-finger signal is treated as interference
• The principle of Multi-finger receiver
– Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative
process
– Multi-finger time delay not larger than 0.26us=>78m
c(t-t1)
x a1 Finger 1
t1 a1
c(t-t2)
t2 a2 + x a2 + Finger 2
t3 a3 c(t-t3)
x a3 Finger 3
+
Multi-finger Diversity gain through Multi-finger receiver

WNMP WCDMA
 Multi-finger receiver
• Maximal ratio combining(MRC)

at each time delay phase shifting by adding

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

WNMP WCDMA
 Channel encoding

Purpose ：
Inserting redundant information into data stream to make
the detect and correction of transmission error possible.

Non-coding ： BER<10-1 ~ 10-2 Unusable

Convolutional coding ： BER<10-3 Voice services

Turbo coding ： BER<10-6 Data services

WNMP WCDMA
 Coverage/capacity vs Data Rate

Higher rate needs higher power

High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
>384 kbps
Coverage decrease

>144 kbps
>64 kbps

Subscriber
num >12.2 kbps
increase

WNMP WCDMA
 Characteristic of WCDMA system capacity

ne d
st rai
r e
t y is nce
ac i fe re b y
c p
a inte r e d
UL by a n
i n
st r i o
r e at
y is e st
c i t a s
p a of b
c a r
L
D pow e

WNMP WCDMA
 Coverage and Capacity

WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as ：

– Number of users
– Transmission rate
– Mobile rate
– Wireless enviroment
• indoors
• outdoors
The sizes of cell depend on such factors as:
– Local radio conditions (local interference)
– Traffic in neighbouring cells (distanced interference)
Cell Radius decrease according to the increase number
of users

WNMP WCDMA
 Content

WCDMA Overview
WCDMA Basic Principle
Advantages of WCDMA
WCDMA Architecture

Training GLOBE TELECOM

WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA Architecture
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem CN: Core Network
UE: User IuCS
Equipment cell cell cell
ME Node B E
RNC MSC E
USIM

B G-MSC
VLR D PSTN
F C
cell cell cell

ME Iur
Node B

EIR HLR AuC

FDD mode
USIM

only Gs Gf G
c
Gr
GGSN
cell cell cell
Node B

ME RNC: Radio Gi
Network SGSN Gn
Controller
USIM

Gp
Iub RNS IuPS
Uu Iu

WNMP WCDMA
 UTRAN Structure

Uu Iu

Node B
MSC/
RNC
U VLR
E
Node B RNS

Iub Iur

Node B

U RNC SGSN
E
Node B RNS
CN
UTRAN

WNMP WCDMA
 WCDMA Architecture

• The system consists of:

– UTRAN
UTRAN performs all the functions related to wireless
communication;
– CN (Core Network)
CN switches and routes voice and data services to
connect them to the external network.

The UE (User Equipment) is connected to the

UTRAN through the air interface standard.

WNMP WCDMA
 Functional Units
• UE (User Equipment):
As the wireless terminal that performs wireless
communication via the Uu interface, it contains an intelligent
card, which records the user ID, performs the authentication
algorithm, and stores information such as authentication
information and keys.
• Node B:
Transmits data streams between the Iub and the Uu
interfaces, participating in radio resource management.

WNMP WCDMA
 Functional Units

• RNC (Radio Network Controller):

Owns and controls the radio resources under its
administration. The RNC is the service access point
provided by the UTRAN for the CN.
• HLR (Home Location Register):
It is a database located at the local system of the user,
used to store the subscriber service features. Such
features include information of the services allowed,
roaming areas and information of value-added services.

WNMP WCDMA
 Functional Units

• MSC (Mobile Switching Center) /VLR (Visit

Location Register):

The MSC processes circuit switched services, while the

VLR stores a copy of the service feature description of the
roaming subscribers, and more accurate information of the
location of the UE in the service system.

The network part connected through the MSC/VLR is

usually referred to as the CS domain.

WNMP WCDMA
 Functional Units

• GMSC (Gateway Mobile-services Switching Center):

It is the switching equipment at the connection between the
UMTS network and the external circuit domain network. All
incoming/outgoing CS connections go through the GMSC.
• SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node):
Its function is similar to that of the MSC/VLR, except that
it is used for Packet Switched (PS) services. The network part
connected through the SGSN is referred to as the PS domain.
• GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node):
Its function is similar to GMSC, but it is related to PS
services.

WNMP WCDMA
 Functional Units

External networks fall into two groups:

1. CS network:
It provides circuit switched connections, such as
the existing telephone services. Both ISDN and PSTN
are CS networks.
2. PS network:
It provides packet switched connections. The
Internet is an example of the PS network.

WNMP WCDMA
 NE Interfaces
• Uu interface:
Serves as the air interface of the WCDMA system to
connect a UE to a Node B.
• Iu interface:
Connects the UTRAN and the CN. It is similar to the A
interface (circuit switching) and the Gb interface (packet
switching) in GSM.
• Iur interface:
Allows soft handover between the RNC equipment of
different manufacturers as an open interface.
• Iub interface:
Connects the Node B and the RNC.
WNMP WCDMA
 Brief Introduction to Node B

CN

Iu Iu

RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

Uu
UE

WNMP WCDMA
 Brief Introduction to RNC

CN

Iu Iu
SRNS DRNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

Uu
UE
S-RNC: Serving Radio Network Controller
D-RNC: Drifting RNC
WNMP WCDMA
 CONCLUSION

Our world is rapidly changing -- computers have gone

from mainframes to palmtops. Radio communications has
gone from lunchbox sized (or trunk mounted/remote
handset car phone) to cigarette-pack-sized micro-cellular
telephone technology.
The technical challenges of this progress are significant.
The new opportunities created by this new technology are
also significant. We've talked here about some of the very
basic principles in WCDMA and talked about Network
Evolution therefore, we should be prepared to meet the
challenges ahead.

WNMP WCDMA
 Thank You

WNMP WCDMA
 Support Slide for Handoff
Handoff Description

MSC RNC NODE B SECTOR VOCODER CARRIER TYPE of Handoff

S S S D S S Softer

S S S D S D Hard

S S D D S S Soft

S D D D D S Hard

S D D D S S Soft

S D D D D D Hard

WNMP WCDMA
 Support Slide Terms
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access -- a way to increase channel
capacity.
CHIP: The time it takes to transmit a bit or single symbol of a PN code.
CODE: A digital bit stream with noise-like characteristics.
PN: Pseudo Noise - a digital signal with noise-like properties.
SS: Spread Spectrum, a wideband modulation which imparts noise-like
characteristics to an RF signal. Originally for military use to avoid jamming
(interference created on purpose to make a communication channel
unusable), spread spectrum modulation is now used in personal
communication systems for its superior performance in an interference
dominated environment.
Processing Gain: Defined as the ratio of the total bandwidth over
bandwidth occupied by the user/s.

WNMP WCDMA
 Support Slide for Code Generation

Four­Stage Linear Feedback Shift Register
Modulo-2 Adder
+

X1 X2 X3 X4
Output

Clock Pulse
Output
X=X1 + X2 + X3 + X4=10001001101011110
We suppose the initial state of the register
X1X2X3X4=0001
WNMP WCDMA