Human

Anatomy
Chapter 11

The Muscular
System:
Appendicular
Musculature

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 Introduction

• Appendicular Musculature
– Appendicular muscles are responsible for:
• Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Moving the upper and lower limbs
• Absorbing shocks and jolts as you walk, run, or jump
• Aiding in strengthening the joint area

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 Introduction

• Appendicular Muscles
– Account for roughly 40 percent of the skeletal
muscles in the body
• Two major groups of appendicular muscles:
– The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
– The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

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 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function

• The structure of the joint

• The location of the insertion of the muscle
• The range of motion of a joint
• The type of joint
– Monaxial
– Biaxial
– Triaxial

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Figure 11.1 Diagram Illustrating the Insertion of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and the Brachioradialis Muscle

Biceps brachii:
torque and
movement

Brachioradialis:
movement and
stability

Elbow joint

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle

and upper limbs can be divided into four
groups:
– Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
– Muscles that move the arm
– Muscles that move the forearm and hand
– Muscles that move the hand and fingers

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

– These muscles also coordinate with the muscles
that move the arm
• Levator Scapulae
• Pectoralis minor
• Rhomboid major
• Rhomboid minor
• Serratus anterior
• Subclavius
• Trapezius

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 Figure 11.3 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I

C1
SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Levator
C7 scapulae

Trapezius
Rhomboid
minor
Deltoid

Infraspinatus Rhomboid
Teres minor major
Scapula
Teres major

Triceps
Serratus brachii
anterior

T12

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 Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II

Origin
Insertion

Subclavius
Levator scapulae Trapezius
Pectoralis
Pectoralis major
Trapezius minor (cut) Pectoralis
minor
Coracobrachialis
Biceps
Subclavius
brachii,
long head
Pectoralis Biceps
major (cut and brachii,
reflected) short head

Serratus
anterior
(origin)

Pectoralis Serratus anterior

minor Serratus
(insertion)
anterior
Internal
intercostals Short
head
Biceps
Long brachii
External head
intercostals

T12

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Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Arm

– Anterior view
• Coracobrachialis: adduction at the shoulder
• Deltoid: abducts the arm
• Pectoralis major: adducts and medially rotates the arm
• Biceps brachii (short head and long head): flexes the
lower arm

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 Figure 11.6a Muscles That Move the Arm

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Clavicle

Sternum
Ribs (cut)
Deltoid
Subscapularis
Pectoralis
major Coracobrachialis
Teres major
Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head

T12

Anterior view

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Arm
– Posterior view
• Supraspinatus: abduction at the shoulder
• Infraspinatus: lateral rotation at the shoulder
• Subscapularis: medial rotation at the shoulder
• Teres major: extension and medial rotation at the shoulder
• Teres minor: adduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder
• Triceps brachii: extension of the lower arm
• Latissimus dorsi: adduction and medial rotation at the
shoulder

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 Figure 11.6b Muscles That Move the Arm

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Vertebra T1
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus

Deltoid
Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii,
long head
Latissimus
dorsi Triceps brachii,
lateral head

Thoraco-
lumbar
fascia
Posterior view

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Action Line of Muscles
– When a muscle contracts, it develops tension
– The direction the muscle moves upon developing
tension is known as the action line

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Action Line of Muscles (continued)

– Action lines that cross:
• The anterior aspect of a joint are flexors
• The posterior aspect of a joint are extensors
• The medial aspect of a joint are adductors or sometimes
called medial rotators
• The lateral aspect of a joint are abductors or sometimes
called lateral rotators

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 Figure 11.7b Action Lines for Muscles That Move the Arm
Acromion Clavicle

Entire deltoid:
abduction at
the shoulder

Scapular deltoid: Clavicular deltoid:

extension (shoulder) flexion (shoulder)
and lateral rotation and medial rotation
(humerus) (humerus)

Biceps brachii:
Triceps brachii: flexion at
extension and the shoulder
adduction at
the shoulder Humerus

Action lines of the biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachii

muscle, and the three parts of the deltoid muscle
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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand

– Most of these muscles originate on the humerus
and insert upon the forearm and wrist
– Exceptions include:
• Long head of triceps brachii: originates on the scapula
and inserts on the olecranon
• Long head of biceps brachii: originates on the scapula
and inserts of the radial tuberosity of the radius

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand

– Biceps brachii: flexes at the elbow and shoulder
– Brachialis: flexes at the elbow
– Brachioradialis: flexes at the elbow

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
– Anconeus: extension at the elbow
– Triceps brachii
• Lateral head: extension at the elbow
• Long head: extension at the elbow and adduction at the
shoulder
• Medial head: extension at the elbow

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
– Pronator quadratus: pronates the forearm
– Pronator teres: pronates the forearm
– Supinator: supinates the forearm

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 Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I
Coracoid process
of scapula

Humerus
Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
long head

Triceps brachii,
medial head
Brachialis

Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Palmar carpal Pronator
ligament quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum

Superficial muscles of the right

upper limb, anterior view

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 Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II

Infraglenoid
tubercle of
scapula

Triceps brachii,
long head

Triceps brachii,
lateral head

Brachioradialis

Olecranon of ulna

Anconeus

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi
ulnaris Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor
Abductor pollicis
digitorum
longus
Ulna Extensor pollicis
brevis
Radius
Extensor
retinaculum

A diagrammatic view of a dissection

of the superficial muscles
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 Figure 11.8f Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I

Supinator
Pronator
teres

Radius
Ulna

Pronator
quadratus

Anterior view of the deep muscles

of the supinated forearm. See also
Figures 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8.
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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
– Flexor carpi radialis: flex and abduct the wrist
– Flexor carpi ulnaris: flex and adduct the wrist
– Palmaris longus: flexion at the wrist

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 Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I
Coracoid process
of scapula

Humerus
Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
long head

Triceps brachii,
medial head
Brachialis

Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Palmar carpal Pronator
ligament quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum

Superficial muscles of the right

upper limb, anterior view

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
– Extensor carpi radialis longus: extend and abduct
at the wrist
– Extensor carpi radialis brevis: extend and abduct
at the wrist
– Extensor carpi ulnaris: extension and adduction at
the wrist

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 Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II

Infraglenoid
tubercle of
scapula

Triceps brachii,
long head

Triceps brachii,
lateral head

Brachioradialis

Olecranon of ulna

Anconeus

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi
ulnaris Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor
Abductor pollicis
digitorum
longus
Ulna Extensor pollicis
brevis
Radius
Extensor
retinaculum

A diagrammatic view of a dissection

of the superficial muscles
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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
– Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Relatively large muscles that perform flexion and
extension at the joints of the fingers
• Provide strength and crude control of the hand and
fingers
• These muscles are found mostly in the lower arm

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
– Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Smaller muscles that provide fine control of hand
• Responsible for flexion and extension, and abduction
and adduction of the fingers at the
metacarpophalangeal joints
• Responsible for opposition and reposition of the thumb
• These muscles are found mostly in the palm or the
dorsum of the hand

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand
– Flexor digitorum superficialis: flexion at the wrist
and some digits
– Flexor digitorum profundus: flexion at the wrist
and some digits
– Flexor pollicis longus: flexion of the thumb

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand (continued)
– Abductor pollicis longus: abduction of thumb
– Extensor digitorum: extension of fingers and wrist
– Extensor pollicis brevis: extension of thumb,
abducts the wrist
– Extensor indicis: extension and adduction of index
finger
– Extensor digiti minimi: extension of little finger,
extension of wrist

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 Figure 11.10a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
Triceps brachii,
Biceps brachii medial head
Brachialis Medial
epicondyle
Pronator
teres

Flexor carpi
Brachioradialis radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris

Palmar carpal Pronator

ligament quadratus
Flexor
retinaculum

LATERAL MEDIAL

Anterior view showing

superficial muscles of the
right forearm
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 Figure 11.10b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
Median nerve
Tendon of
biceps Pronator teres (cut)
brachii Brachial artery
Radius
Ulna

Brachioradialis Flexor carpi

(retracted) ulnaris (retracted)
Flexor digitorum
superficialis

Flexor pollicis
longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus

LATERAL MEDIAL

Anterior view of the middle layer of

muscles. The flexor carpi radialis
muscle and palmaris longus muscle
have been removed.
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 Figure 11.10c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

Brachialis
Supinator Cut tendons of
flexor digitorum
superficialis

Flexor digitorum
profundus

Flexor pollicis
longus

Pronator
quadratus
(see Figure
11.8f)

LATERAL MEDIAL

Anterior view of the deep layer of muscles

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 Figure 11.10d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
Biceps brachii

Tendon of Brachioradialis
triceps
Olecranon Extensor carpi
of ulna radialis longus
Anconeus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi
Flexor carpi radialis brevis
ulnaris Extensor
digitorum
Abductor
Ulna pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Extensor
retinaculum

MEDIAL LATERAL

Posterior view showing superficial

muscles of the right forearm
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 Figure 11.10e Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

Anconeus

Extensor
digitorum

Extensor
digiti minimi

Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Tendon of
extensor
pollicis longus

MEDIAL LATERAL

Posterior view of the

middle layer of muscles
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 Figure 11.10f Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

Anconeus

Supinator

Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Ulna Radius

Tendon of
extensor
digiti minimi
(cut)
Tendon of
extensor
digitorum
(cut)
MEDIAL LATERAL

Posterior view of the deep

layer of muscles. See also
Figures 7.7, 7.8, and 11.9.
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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
– Adductor pollicis: adducts the thumb
– Opponens pollicis: opposition of the thumb
– Palmaris brevis: moves the skin on the medial side
of the palm
– Abductor digiti minimi: abducts little finger
– Abductor pollicis brevis: abducts the thumb

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 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limbs
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
– Flexor pollicis brevis: flex and adduct thumb
– Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flex little finger
– Opponens digiti minimi: brings digits into
opposition with the thumb
– Lumbricals: flexion of the digits
– Dorsal interosseus: abduction of digits 2–4
– Palmar interosseus: adduction of digits 2, 4, and 5

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Figure 11.11d Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand

Tendon of flexor
digitorum profundus

Tendon of flexor
digitorum superficialis

First dorsal interosseus

Synovial
sheaths Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus

Lumbricals
Palmar
interosseus
Adductor
Tendons of flexor
pollicis
digitorum (both
profundus and Flexor pollicis
superficialis) brevis
Opponens digiti
minimi Opponens
pollicis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis Abductor pollicis
brevis
Palmaris brevis (cut) Tendon of
Abductor digiti palmaris longus
minimi Tendon of
Flexor retinaculum flexor carpi radialis

Tendon of flexor
carpi ulnaris Anterior (palmar) view
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 Figure 11.11a Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand

Tendon of
extensor indicis
First dorsal
interosseus
muscle

Tendon of
Tendon of extensor
extensor digiti minimi
pollicis longus Abductor
Tendon of extensor digiti minimi
pollicis brevis
Tendon of
Tendon of extensor extensor
carpi radialis longus carpi ulnaris
Extensor
Tendon of extensor
retinaculum
carpi radialis brevis

Posterior (dorsal) view

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Figure 11.11f Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand

Tendon of flexor
digitorum profundus

Tendon of flexor
digitorum superficialis

Lumbrical
Fibrous
digital Tendon
sheaths of flexor
pollicis
Tendons longus
of flexor
digitorum
Superficial
Flexor
palmar arch
pollicis
Abductor brevis
digiti minimi
Flexor digiti Abductor
minimi brevis pollicis
brevis
Palmaris Flexor
brevis retinaculum
Ulnar nerve
Tendon of Tendon of flexor
palmaris longus carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum Radial artery
superficialis Median nerve
Flexor carpi Ulnar artery
ulnaris
Anterior view of a superficial palmar
dissection of the right hand
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and

more powerful than those of the upper limbs.
• These muscles can be divided into three groups:
– Muscles that move the thigh
– Muscles that move the leg
– Muscles that move the foot and toes

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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Thigh
– Originate on the pelvis; many are large and
powerful
– Four groups
• Gluteal group
• Lateral rotator group
• Adductor group
• Iliopsoas group

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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• The Gluteal Group
– Gluteus maximus: posterior extension at the hip
– Gluteus medius: abduction at the hip
– Gluteus minimus: abduction at the hip
– Tensor fasciae latae: abduction at the hip

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 Figure 11.12a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I
Iliac crest

Gluteus
maximus
(cut) Gluteus medius
(cut)
Sacrum
Gluteus
minimus
Tensor fasciae
Piriformis
latae
Superior
gemellus Gluteus
medius (cut)
Obturator
internus Greater trochanter
of femur

Inferior Gluteus maximus

gemellus (cut)

Quadratus
Ischial femoris
tuberosity

Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Adductor
magnus Adductor
Semitendinosus magnus

Biceps femoris
(long head)

Posterior view of pelvis showing deep

dissections of the gluteal muscles and
lateral rotators. For a superficial view of
the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2,
11.16, and 11.17a.
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• The Lateral Rotator Group
– Obturators: lateral rotation and abduction of hip
– Piriformis: lateral rotation and abduction of hip
– Gemelli: lateral rotation and abduction of hip
– Quadratus femoris: lateral rotation of hip

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 Figure 11.12a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I
Iliac crest

Gluteus
maximus
(cut) Gluteus medius
(cut)
Sacrum
Gluteus
minimus
Tensor fasciae
Piriformis
latae
Superior
gemellus Gluteus
medius (cut)
Obturator
internus Greater trochanter
of femur

Inferior Gluteus maximus

gemellus (cut)

Quadratus
Ischial femoris
tuberosity

Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Adductor
magnus Adductor
Semitendinosus magnus

Biceps femoris
(long head)

Posterior view of pelvis showing deep

dissections of the gluteal muscles and
lateral rotators. For a superficial view of
the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2,
11.16, and 11.17a.
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• The Adductor Group
– Adductor brevis: adduction at the hip
– Adductor longus: adduction and medial rotation
at the hip
– Adductor magnus: adduction at the hip
– Pectineus: flexion and adduction at the hip
– Gracilis: flexion and medial rotation at the
knee/adduction and medial rotation at the hip

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 Figure 11.13a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part II

Psoas
Iliopsoas major
Iliacus

L5

Piriformis

Inguinal
ligament
Obturator
Obturator
internus
externus

Adductor
brevis Pectineus

Adductor
longus Sartorius
(see Table 11.7)

Adductor
magnus

Gracilis

Anterior view of the iliopsoas

muscle and the adductor group
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• The Iliopsoas Group

– Iliacus: flexion at the hip
– Psoas major: flexion at the hip

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 Figure 11.13a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part II

Psoas
Iliopsoas major
Iliacus

L5

Piriformis

Inguinal
ligament
Obturator
Obturator
internus
externus

Adductor
brevis Pectineus

Adductor
longus Sartorius
(see Table 11.7)

Adductor
magnus

Gracilis

Anterior view of the iliopsoas

muscle and the adductor group
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Action Line of Muscles

– When a muscle contracts, it develops tension
– The direction the muscle moves upon developing
tension is known as the action line
– The following figures show the action line of
muscles that move the thigh

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Figure 11.14a The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint

Iliopsoas:
flexion
Gluteus medius
and minimus:
abduction

Obturator
externus:
lateral rotation
Tensor fasciae latae:
medial rotation

Adductor longus:
adduction and
medial rotation

Hamstring group:
extension

Examples of several muscles

that have more than one action
line crossing the axis of the hip
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Figure 11.14b The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint

Adductor
magnus

Action lines of the adductor

magnus
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Figure 11.14c The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint
Gluteal Group
Extension and abduction

Flexion, abduction, Extension

and medial rotation

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
ACETABULUM

Adduction Lateral rotation

Adductor group Lateral Rotator Group

Lateral view of the hip joint demonstrating the

action lines of muscles that move the thigh
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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Leg
– Extensors of the Knee
• Vastus intermedius: extends the lower leg
• Vastus lateralis: extends the lower leg
• Vastus medialis: extends the lower leg
• Rectus femoris: extends the lower leg/flexion at the hip
• The three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris muscle
are collectively called the quadriceps femoris

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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Leg

– Flexors of the Knee
• Biceps femoris: flexes lower leg/extension at the hip
• Semimembranosus: flexes lower leg
• Semitendinosus: flexes the lower leg
• Sartorius: allows crossing of the lower leg
• Popliteus: flexes lower leg
• The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and
semitendinosus are collectively called the hamstrings

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 Figure 11.15b Muscles That Move the Leg, Part I
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Gluteus
medius Femoral nerve

Iliacus Inguinal ligament

Pubic tubercle
Pectineus
Tensor fasciae latae

Femoral vein

Femoral artery

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Rectus femoris

Sartorius
Iliotibial
tract Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

Tibial tuberosity

Diagrammatic anterior view of the

superficial muscles of the right thigh
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 Figure 11.17a Muscles That Move the Leg, Part III
Iliac crest

Gluteal aponeurosis
over gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae
latae

Gluteus
maximus

Adductor
magnus
Biceps
femoris,
long head
Gracilis

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Iliotibial
tract

Biceps femoris,
short head
Semimembranosus

Sartorius
Popliteal artery (red)
and vein (blue)
Tibial nerve

Medial head
of gastrocnemius
Lateral head
of gastrocnemius

Posterior view of superficial

muscles of the right thigh

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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

– Extrinsic Muscles of the Foot and Toes
• Muscles that originate on the lower leg but yet move
the foot and toes
– Intrinsic Muscles of the Toes
• Muscles that originate on some aspect of the foot but
yet move the toes

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 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
– Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot (dorsiflexor)
• Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion of the foot

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 Figure 11.20a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part III
SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Patella
Iliotibial
tract
Patellar
ligament

Tibial
tuberosity

Fibula
Fibularis
longus

Tibialis
anterior
Tibia

Extensor
digitorum
longus
Extensor
hallucis
longus

Superior extensor
retinaculum

Lateral malleolus

Inferior extensor
retinaculum

Anterior views showing

superficial and deep muscles
of the right leg
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
– Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot
• Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion of the foot
• Fibularis brevis: eversion of the foot
• Fibularis longus: eversion of the foot
• Plantaris: plantar flexion
• Soleus: plantar flexion
• Tibialis posterior: inversion of the foot

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.18a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I

Plantaris

Popliteus

Gastrocnemius,
medial head

Soleus

Gastrocnemius,
lateral head

Soleus

Gastrocnemius
(cut and removed)

Calcaneal
tendon

Calcaneus

Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the legs; these

large muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.19b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part II

Iliotibial tract

Biceps femoris

Head of fibula

Lateral head of
gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Soleus

Fibularis brevis

Extensor
digitorum longus
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus

Lateral view of the superficial

muscles of the right leg
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

– Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes
• Flexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 2–5
• Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the hallux
• Extensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 2–5
• Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the hallux

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.18c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I

Head of
fibula

Tibialis
posterior

Fibularis
longus

Flexor
digitorum longus

Flexor
hallucis longus

Fibularis
brevis

Tendon of
fibularis brevis

Tendon of
fibularis longus

Posterior view of deeper muscles of the leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 11.20a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part III
SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Patella
Iliotibial
tract
Patellar
ligament

Tibial
tuberosity

Fibula
Fibularis
longus

Tibialis
anterior
Tibia

Extensor
digitorum
longus
Extensor
hallucis
longus

Superior extensor
retinaculum

Lateral malleolus

Inferior extensor
retinaculum

Anterior views showing

superficial and deep muscles
of the right leg
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

– Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes
• Extensor digitorum brevis: extension of toes 1–4
• Abductor hallucis: abduction of the hallux
• Flexor digitorum brevis: flexion of toes 2–5
• Abductor digiti minimi: abduction of the little toe
• Quadratus plantae: flexion of toes 2–5
• Lumbricals: extension of toes 2–5

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.21a Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

Tendon of
fibularis brevis
Fibularis
Superior extensor brevis
retinaculum
Medial malleolus
of tibia Superior extensor
Lateral malleolus retinaculum
of fibula
Tendon of
Inferior extensor tibialis anterior Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus
retinaculum of fibula of tibia

Extensor hallucis Inferior extensor Tendon of

Tendons of extensor brevis retinaculum tibialis anterior
digitorum longus
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus Tendon of extensor
Abductor hallucis Tendons of extensor hallucis longus
Dorsal interossei Tendon of extensor digitorum longus Abductor hallucis
hallucis brevis Tendon of extensor
Tendons of extensor
hallucis brevis
digitorum brevis Dorsal interossei
Extensor expansion
Tendons of extensor
digitorum brevis Extensor expansion

Dorsal views of the right foot

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

– Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes
• Flexor hallucis brevis: flexion of the hallux
• Adductor hallucis: adducts the hallux
• Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexion of the little toe
• Dorsal interossei: abduction of toes 3 and 4
• Plantar interossei: adduction of toes 3–5

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.21d Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

Fibrous
Lumbricals tendon
sheaths

Tendons of Flexor
flexor digitorum hallucis
brevis overlying brevis
tendons of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis

Abductor
hallucis
Abductor
Flexor
digiti minimi
digitorum
Plantar brevis
aponeurosis
(cut)
Calcaneus

Plantar (inferior) view, superficial layer

of the right foot
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 11.21e Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

Tendons of Tendon of
flexor flexor hallucis
digitorum longus
longus
Tendons of
Flexor hallucis
flexor digitorum
brevis
brevis (cut)
Lumbricals
Abductor
hallucis (cut
Abductor digiti
and retracted)
minimi (cut)
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Tendon of
flexor digitorum
Tendon of longus
fibularis brevis
Tendon of tibialis
Tendon of posterior
fibularis longus Quadratus
plantae
Abductor digiti
minimi (cut) Flexor digitorum
brevis (cut)
Calcaneus Abductor hallucis
(cut)
Plantar aponeurosis
(cut)

Plantar (inferior) view, deep layer of the

right foot
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 11.21f Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

Adductor hallucis
(transverse head)

Flexor hallucis
Abductor digiti brevis
minimi (cut) Adductor
Plantar interossei hallucis
(oblique head)
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis Tendon of
tibialis
posterior
Tendon of
fibularis brevis
Plantar
Tendon of ligament
fibularis longus Tendon of
flexor
Flexor digitorum digitorum
brevis (cut) longus (cut)
Plantar aponeurosis Tendon of
(cut) flexor
Calcaneus hallucis
longus (cut)

Plantar (inferior) view, deepest layer of

the right foot
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Dense connective tissue layers provide a structural
framework for the soft tissues of the body
• The connective tissue fibers of the deep fasciae
support and interconnect adjacent skeletal muscles
but permit independent movement
• The deep fascia extends between the bones and
the superficial fascia and separates the soft tissues
of the limb into separate compartments

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments

• Compartments of the Upper Limb

– The Arm
• Anterior compartment (or flexor compartment)
• Posterior compartment (or extensor compartment)
– The Forearm
• Anterior compartment (superficial and deep)
• Lateral compartment
• Posterior compartment

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments

• Compartments of the Arm

– The Anterior Compartment of the Arm
• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Coracobrachialis
– The Posterior Compartment of the Arm
• Triceps brachii

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.22b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment

Triceps brachii

Lateral Medial intermuscular septum

intermuscular
septum
Anterior Compartment

Brachial artery and median nerve

Brachialis
Biceps brachii

Horizontal section through

distal right arm

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Forearm
– The Anterior Superficial Compartment
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Palmaris longus
• Pronator teres

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.22c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment

Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral Compartment
Deep Anterior Compartment
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis Flexor digitorum
profundus
Brachioradialis

Superficial Anterior Compartment

Horizontal section Flexor digitorum

through proximal superficialis
right forearm

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Forearm
– The Anterior Deep Compartment
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor pollicis longus
• Pronator quadratus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.22d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment

Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Lateral Compartment

Extensor carpi Deep Anterior Compartment

radialis brevis
Flexor digitorum
profundus

Superficial Anterior Compartment

Horizontal section
through distal right
Flexor digitorum
forearm superficialis

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Forearm
– The Lateral Compartment
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extensor carpi radialis longus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.22c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment

Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral Compartment
Deep Anterior Compartment
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis Flexor digitorum
profundus
Brachioradialis

Superficial Anterior Compartment

Horizontal section Flexor digitorum

through proximal superficialis
right forearm

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Forearm
– The Posterior Compartment
• Abductor pollicis longus
• Anconeus
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor digiti minimi
• Extensor indicis
• Extensor pollicis brevis
• Extensor pollicis longus
• Supinator
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Figure 11.22c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb

Posterior Compartment

Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral Compartment
Deep Anterior Compartment
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis Flexor digitorum
profundus
Brachioradialis

Superficial Anterior Compartment

Horizontal section Flexor digitorum

through proximal superficialis
right forearm

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Lower Limb
– The Thigh
• Anterior compartment (or extensor compartment)
• Medial compartment (adductor compartment)
• Posterior compartment (or flexor compartment)
– The Leg
• Anterior compartment
• Lateral compartment
• Posterior compartment (superficial and deep)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Thigh
– Anterior compartment
• Iliopsoas
• Quadriceps femoris
• Sartorius

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Gluteus maximus Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris and

semitendinosis
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein, and nerve
Vastus intermedius Adductor magnus
Vastus medialis Adductor longus
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris

Horizontal section through proximal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Vastus lateralis Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein,
and nerve Adductor magnus
Rectus femoris Adductor longus

Horizontal section through distal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments

• Compartments of the Thigh

– Medial compartment
• Pectineus
• Adductor brevis
• Adductor longus
• Adductor magnus
• Gracilis
• Obturator externus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Gluteus maximus Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris and

semitendinosis
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein, and nerve
Vastus intermedius Adductor magnus
Vastus medialis Adductor longus
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris

Horizontal section through proximal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Vastus lateralis Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein,
and nerve Adductor magnus
Rectus femoris Adductor longus

Horizontal section through distal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Thigh
– Posterior compartment
• Hamstrings

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Gluteus maximus Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris and

semitendinosis
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein, and nerve
Vastus intermedius Adductor magnus
Vastus medialis Adductor longus
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris

Horizontal section through proximal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Posterior Compartment

Biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve

Anterior Compartment
Vastus lateralis Medial Compartment
Femoral artery, vein,
and nerve Adductor magnus
Rectus femoris Adductor longus

Horizontal section through distal right thigh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Leg
– Anterior compartment
– Lateral compartment
– Posterior compartment
• Superficial
• Deep

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Leg
– Anterior compartment
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Extensor hallucis longus
• Fibularis tertius
• Tibialis anterior

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Lateral Compartment Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Fibularis longus
Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior Compartment Posterior tibial artery

and vein
Anterior tibial Tibialis posterior
artery and vein
Tibialis anterior
Horizontal section through
proximal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Lateral Compartment Superficial Posterior Compartment

Calcaneal tendon
Tendon of fibularis
longus Soleus

Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior tibial artery
and vein Posterior tibial artery
and vein
Tendon of tibialis
anterior Tibialis posterior
Horizontal section
through distal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Leg
– Lateral compartment
• Fibularis brevis
• Fibularis longus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Lateral Compartment Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Fibularis longus
Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior Compartment Posterior tibial artery

and vein
Anterior tibial Tibialis posterior
artery and vein
Tibialis anterior
Horizontal section through
proximal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Lateral Compartment Superficial Posterior Compartment

Calcaneal tendon
Tendon of fibularis
longus Soleus

Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior tibial artery
and vein Posterior tibial artery
and vein
Tendon of tibialis
anterior Tibialis posterior
Horizontal section
through distal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments
• Compartments of the Leg
– Posterior compartment (superficial)
• Gastrocnemius
• Plantaris
• Soleus
– Posterior compartment (deep)
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor hallucis longus
• Popliteus
• Tibialis posterior

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Lateral Compartment Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Fibularis longus
Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior Compartment Posterior tibial artery

and vein
Anterior tibial Tibialis posterior
artery and vein
Tibialis anterior
Horizontal section through
proximal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 11.23d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb

Lateral Compartment Superficial Posterior Compartment

Calcaneal tendon
Tendon of fibularis
longus Soleus

Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment

Anterior tibial artery
and vein Posterior tibial artery
and vein
Tendon of tibialis
anterior Tibialis posterior
Horizontal section
through distal right leg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.