Human Anatomy: The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Human
Anatomy
Chapter16
The Nervous
System:
The Brain and
Cranial Nerves
The Brain
Introduction
The brain is far more complex than the spinal

cord.
The brain contains roughly 20 billion neurons.
 Excitatory and inhibitory interactions among the
extensively interconnected neuronal pools ensure
that the response can vary to meet changing
circumstances.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Figure 16.1 Divisions of the Brain

Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)

Figure 16.2b Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)

Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain (Anterior View)

Protection and Support of the Brain
 Protection, support, and nourishment of the

brain involves:
 Bones of the skull
 Cranial meninges
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid mater
 Pia mater
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Blood–brain barrier
 Vessels of the cardiovascular system

Figure 16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges (Lateral View)

Figure 16.3b Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges (Midsagittal View)

Figure 16.4a The Cranial Meninges

Figure 16.4b The Cranial Meninges

Figure 16.4c The Cranial Meninges



Figure 16.8 Hydrocephalus

This infant has severe hydrocephalus, a condition usually caused by impaired
circulation and removal of cerebrospinal fluid. CSF buildup leads to distortion of the
brain and enlargement of the cranium.
The Cerebrum
 The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of

the human brain.
 Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory

information from and generates motor commands
to the opposite side of the body.
 The two hemispheres have some functional

differences, although anatomically they appear to
be identical.

The Cerebrum
Figure 16.7a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Superior View)

The Cerebrum
Figure 16.7b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Anterior View)

The Cerebrum
Figure 15.7c The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Posterior View)

The Cerebrum
Figure 15.9a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II (Lateral View of Intact Brain)
The Cerebrum
Figure 16.9b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II (The Left Cerebral Hemisphere)
The Diencephalon
 The diencephalon connects the cerebrum to the

brain stem both structurally and
functionally.
 The functions that occur in the diencephalon
are almost exclusively subconscious.
 Epithalamus — controls the circadian rhythm
 Thalamus — relays information
 Hypothalamus — coordinates the nervous and
endocrine systems

The Diencephalon
Figure 16.15a Sectional Views of the Brain (Midsagittal Section)

The Diencephalon
Figure 16.15b Sectional Views of the Brain (Coronal Section)

The Diencephalon

The Diencephalon
Figure 16.13a The Thalamus

The Diencephalon
Figure 16.13b The Thalamus

The Diencephalon
Figure 16.14b The Hypothalamus

The Mesencephalon
 The mesencephalon, or midbrain, is the most

superior portion of the brain stem.
 Nuclei coordinate visual and auditory reflexes.
 Corpora quadregemina
 Superior colliculi — visual
 Inferior colliculi — auditory
 Limbic system nuclei
 Coordinate involuntary movements of skeletal muscles
 Cerebral peduncles
 Nerve bundles to and from the brain/spinal cord

The Mesencephalon

The Pons
 The pons mainly functions:

 As a house for cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, VII, and
VIII
 To help regulate respiration
 To help coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle
movements and muscle tone
 In relaying information to and from the
brain/spinal cord

The Pons
Figure 16.18 The Pons

The Cerebellum
 The cerebellum has two primary

functions:
 Adjusts the postural muscles of the body to
maintain balance
 Programs and fine-tunes voluntary and
involuntary movements

The Cerebellum
Figure 16.19a The Cerebellum (Posterior, Superior Surface)

The Medulla Oblongata
 The medulla oblongata physically connects the

brain with the spinal cord.
It is so important that, if it is severely
compromised, the victim will likely die.
The medulla oblongata is a relay station, house
for cranial nerve nuclei, and most
importantly, controls visceral functions like
blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.

The Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are components of the

peripheral nervous system that connect to
the brain rather than to the spinal cord.
 Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
 Cranial nerves are numbered using Roman
numerals
Each cranial nerve attaches to the brain near the
associated sensory or motor nuclei

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.21b Origins of the Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve (N I)
 Primary function: special sensory (smell)
 Origin: receptors of olfactory epithelium
 Passes through: cribriform plate of ethmoid
 Destination: olfactory bulbs

The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Optic Nerve (N II)

 Primary function: special sensory (vision)
 Origin: retina of eye
 Passes through: optic canal of sphenoid
 Destination: diencephalon by way of the optic
chiasm

The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)

 Primary function: motor, eye movements
 Origin: mesencephalon
 Passes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
 Destination:
 Somatic motor: superior, inferior, and medial rectus
muscles; the inferior oblique muscle; the levator
palpebrae superioris muscle
 Visceral motor: intrinsic eye muscles

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.24 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles

The Cranial Nerves
The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)

 Origin: mesencephalon
 Destination: superior oblique muscle

The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)

 Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
 Ophthalmic and maxillary branches sensory
 Mandibular branch mixed
 Origin:
 Ophthalmic branch (sensory): orbital structures, nasal
cavity, skin of forehead, superior eyelid, eyebrow, and
part of the nose
 Maxillary branch (sensory): inferior eyelid, upper lip,
gums, and teeth; cheek; nose, palate, and part of the
pharynx
 Mandibular branch (mixed): sensory from lower gums,
teeth, and lips; palate and tongue (part); motor from
motor nuclei of pons

The Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
 Passes through:
 Ophthalmic branch through superior orbital fissure
 Maxillary branch through foramen rotundum
 Mandibular branch through foramen ovale
 Destination:
 Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches to
sensory nuclei in the pons
 Mandibular branch also innervates muscles of
mastication

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.25 The Trigeminal Nerve

The Cranial Nerves
The Abducens Nerve (N VI)

 Origin: pons
 Destination: lateral rectus muscle

The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Facial Nerve (N VII)
 Primary function: mixed (sensory and motor)
 Origin:
 Sensory from taste receptors on anterior two thirds of
tongue
 Motor from motor nuclei of pons
 Passes through: internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone,
along facial canal to reach stylomastoid foramen
 Destination:
 Sensory to sensory nuclei of pons
 Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
 Visceral motor: lacrimal (tear) gland and nasal mucous
glands via pterygopalatine ganglion; submandibular and
sublingual
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing salivary
as Pearson Benjaminglands
Cummings via submandibular ganglion
The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.26b The Facial Nerve

The Cranial Nerves
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)

 Primary function: special sensory: balance and
equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing
(cochlear branch)
 Origin: receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and
cochlea)
 Passes through: internal acoustic meatus of the
temporal bone
 Destination: vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons
and medulla oblongata

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.27 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The Cranial Nerves
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)

 Origin:
 Sensory from posterior one third of the tongue, part of
the pharynx and palate, the carotid arteries of the neck
 Motor from motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones
 Destination:
 Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
 Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles involved in
swallowing
 Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland, after synapsing
The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Vagus Nerve (N X)
 Origin:
 Visceral sensory from pharynx (part), auricle, external
acoustic meatus, diaphragm, and visceral organs in
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
 Visceral motor from motor nuclei in the medulla
oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones
 Destination:
 Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei and autonomic centers
of medulla oblongata
 Somatic motor to muscles of the palate and pharynx
 Visceral motor to respiratory, cardiovascular, and
The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
The Accessory Nerve (N XI)

 Primary function: motor
 Origin: motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla
oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital
and temporal bones
 Destination:
 Internal branch innervates voluntary muscles of palate,
pharynx, and larynx
 External branch controls sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles

The Cranial Nerves
The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

 Primary function: motor, tongue movements
 Origin: motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata
 Passes through: hypoglossal canal of occipital
bone
 Destination: muscles of the tongue

The Cranial Nerves
Figure 16.30 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves


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Human

The brain is far more complex than the spinal

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.1 Divisions of the Brain

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.2b Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain (Anterior View)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Protection, support, and nourishment of the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.4a The Cranial Meninges

Figure 16.4b The Cranial Meninges

Figure 16.4c The Cranial Meninges

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.8 Hydrocephalus

 The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of

 Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory

 The two hemispheres have some functional

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.7a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Superior View)

Figure 16.7b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Anterior View)

Figure 15.7c The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Posterior View)

 The diencephalon connects the cerebrum to the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.15a Sectional Views of the Brain (Midsagittal Section)

Figure 16.15b Sectional Views of the Brain (Coronal Section)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.13a The Thalamus

Figure 16.13b The Thalamus

Figure 16.14b The Hypothalamus

 The mesencephalon, or midbrain, is the most

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 The pons mainly functions:

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.18 The Pons

 The cerebellum has two primary

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.19a The Cerebellum (Posterior, Superior Surface)

 The medulla oblongata physically connects the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial nerves are components of the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.21b Origins of the Cranial Nerves

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Optic Nerve (N II)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 16.24 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles

The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)