Power Electronics: DC-DC Converters (Choppers)

POWER
ELECTRONICS
DC-DC CONVERTERS
(CHOPPERS)
PART 2
SITI ZARINA BINTI MD NAZIRI

TMT 404 ADVANCED ENGINEERING 4
Content
 Content
 Switch-mode Power Supply
(SMPS)
 Transformer Models
 Flyback Converter
 Full-bridge Converter
 Half-bridge Converter
 Questions/Discussions
 (provided in separate sheet)
SOURCES: “Power Electronics”, Daniel W. Hart, Mc-Graw Hill,

“Power Electronics & Drives”, Lecture Notes, Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM
Switch-mode Power Supply
 Advantages over linear power

 Efficient
(70-95%)
 Weight and size reduction
 Disadvantages
 Complex design
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
problems
 However above certain ratings, SMPS
is the only feasible choice
 Types of SMPS
 Flyback
 Forward
 Push-pull
 Bridge (half and full)
 Block diagrams
Basic Block diagram of linear power supply
Basic Block diagram of SMPS

Isolated topologies
 All isolated topologies include a
transformer, and thus can produce an
output of higher or lower voltage than
the input by adjusting the turns ratio.
 For some topologies, multiple
windings can be placed on the
transformer to produce multiple
output voltages.
 Some converters use the transformer
for energy storage, while others use a
separate inductor.
 Isolated types
Input
Power Typical Relative
Type range Energy storage Features
[W] efficiency cost
[V]
Isolated form of the
Flyback 0–250 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer buck-boost
converter.1
Ringing
Low-cost self-
choke
0–150 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer oscillating flyback
converter
variant.[10]
(RCC)
Half-forward 0–250 75% 1.2 5–500 Inductor
100- 60– Isolated form of
Forward2 78% Inductor
200 200 buck converter
Single rail input,
Resonant 60– Inductor and unregulated output,
0–60 87% 1.0
forward 400 capacitor high efficiency, low
EMI.[11]
100– 50–
Push-pull 72% 1.75 Inductor
1,000 1,000
0– 50–
Half-bridge 72% 1.9 Inductor
2,000 1,000
Very efficient use of
400– 50–
Full-bridge 69% >2.0 Inductor transformer, used for
5,000 1,000
highest powers.
Resonant,
zero voltage >1,000 >2.0
switched
Two capacitors
Isolated Ćuk and two
inductors
Source: Wikipedia
Transformer Models
 2 basic functions:
 I/O electrical isolation
 Step-up/step-down time varying voltages &
currents
 I/O relationship of idealized model:
 Models:
Ideal model
Model used in most

PE circuits
Flyback Converter
 Flyback converter is a buck-boost

converter with the inductor split to form a
transformer  voltage ratio are multiplied
with additional advantage of isolation
Circuit
Equivalent circuit includes magnetizing inductance

Flyback Converter
Switch closed
Switch open
Flyback Converter
Magnetizing
inductance
current
Source current
Diode current
Capacitor
current
Transformer
primary
voltage
Flyback Converter
 Switch closed
di Lm
v1  Vs  L m
dt
di Lm i Lm i Lm Vs
  
dt t DT L m
Vs DT
 i Lm closed 
Lm
Flyback Converter
 Switch open
v 2   Vo
N   N1 
v1  v 2  1   Vo 
 N2
  2
N
di Lm  N1 
Lm  v1   Vo  
dt  2
N
di Lm i Lm i Lm Vo  N1 
    
dt t 1  D  T L m  2
N
 Vo 1  D  T  N1 
 i Lm open   
Lm  2
N
Flyback Converter
 Steady-state Operation
 i Lm closed   i Lm open  0
Vs DT Vo 1  D  T  N1 
  0
Lm Lm  N2 
 D   N2 
Vo  Vs    
 1  D   N1 
 Note:
 I/O relationship is similar to buck-boost
converter, with the present of
transformer ratio
 Output depends to value of D (greater
or less than input)
Flyback Converter
 Average Inductor Current

Flyback Converter
 Min & Max Inductor Current
 For continuous operation, ILm, min = 0

Flyback Converter
 Output Voltage Ripple

 Same as buck-boost converter
Vo D

Vo RCf
 Equivalent series resistance
N1
Vo ,ESR = iC rC = I Lm ,max rC
N2
Full-bridge Converter
Circuit
 Ns 
Vo  2Vs  D
 Vp 
 
 D – duty ratio of each switch pair
Operation
 Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2]; [S3 & S4]
 Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown.
The other pair is off.
 When [S1 & S2] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is Vs
 When [S3 & S4] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is -Vs
 “AC voltage” is developed across the
primary. Then transferred to secondary via
high frequency transformers.
 On secondary side, diode pair is “high
frequency full wave rectification”.
 The choke (L) and (C) acts like the “buck
converter” circuit.
 Waveforms
Switching
sequence
Voltage on
transformer
primary
Voltage vx
Half-bridge Converter
 Ns 
Vo  Vs  D
 Np 
 
Half-bridge Converter
 Waveforms
Switching
sequence
Voltage on
transformer
primary
Voltage vx
Questions/Discussions
 Flyback Converter
 The flyback converter has the following
parameters: Vs = 36 V, D = 0.4, N1/N2 = 2,
R = 20 Ω, Lm = 100 μH, C = 50 μF, and the
switching frequency is 100 kHz. Determine:
 the output voltage
 the maximum and minimum inductor current
 the output voltage ripple
 A flyback converter has an input of 44 V, an

output of 3 V, a duty ratio of 0.32, and a
switching frequency of 300 kHz. The load
resistor is 1 Ω. Determine:
 the transformer turns ratio
 the transformer magnetizing inductance Lm
such the minimum inductor current is 40% of
the average.

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POWER

SITI ZARINA BINTI MD NAZIRI

SOURCES: “Power Electronics”, Daniel W. Hart, Mc-Graw Hill,

 Advantages over linear power

Basic Block diagram of linear power supply

Basic Block diagram of SMPS

Model used in most

 Flyback converter is a buck-boost

Equivalent circuit includes magnetizing inductance

 Average Inductor Current

 Min & Max Inductor Current

 For continuous operation, ILm, min = 0

 Output Voltage Ripple

 Equivalent series resistance

 A flyback converter has an input of 44 V, an

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