Methods and Design

METHODOLOGY AND
DESIGN FOR
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
METHOD- a technique
which the researcher uses
to gather and generate
data about the subjects
of the study
METHODOLOGY- is the section of the
research paper which explains why the
researcher chose to use particular
methods. It includes descriptions of any
and all theoretical and/or ideological
concepts informing and influencing the
course of the study, and the researcher’s
rationale behind adhering to these
concepts
RESEARCH DESIGN- a plan which
structures a study to ensure that
the data collected and
generatedwill contain the
information needed to answer
the initial inquiry as fully and as
clearly as possible
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
•INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS
•GROUP INTERVIEWS
•OBSERVATIONS
•(SURVEYS/QUESTIONNAIRES)
INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS are like conversations
which are designed to elicit the information
that the researcher needs. However, unlike
casual, everyday conversations, interviews
must be conducted as rigorously,
systematically, and transparently as possible
to ensure the reliability and validity of the
information obtained.
Group interviews are conducted with

several participants simultaneously, and
may be more appropriate in some cases,
such as when the study concerns a
community issue or shared
experience.
Observations are conducted to
document and analyze behavior and
social phenomena asthey occur in their
natural context, and may be useful in
identifying, for example, discrepancies
between what people say (such as in
interviews) and what they do.
Although surveys and questionnaires are
more often used in quantitative research,
they may also be designed to be applicable
to qualitative studies. Doing so requires that
the questions be structured to be open-
ended, with few to no restrictions on the
respondent's answers-resembling an interview
but in written form.
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS
• PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGN
• HISTORICAL DESIGN
• GROUNDED THEORY
• ACTION RESEARCH
• META-ANALYSIS
• CASE STUDY
This design focuses on obtaining descriptions
of the subjects' or respondents' lived
experiences either in writing or through
interviews. The goal of this study is to analyze
the meaning behind these experiences for
each subject, rather than generalizing to a
greater population. (Donalek, 2004)
To wholly understand the subjects'
experiences, the researcher must set aside
their own feelings and expectations towards
the study. Those feelings and expectations
may hinder the researcher from seeing the
experience through the subjects'
perspectives. This process is called
bracketing.
Example: What are the experiences of a
student who failed in his or her subject? The
researcher may have their own notions
regarding this problem due to first-hand or
second-hand experience. During the data
collection, the researcher must put aside all the
assumptions in order to identify the real
essence of the answers of the participants.
• HISTORICAL DESIGN
This design focuses on the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis of data or
evidence from the past to confirm or reject a
hypothesis. Data for historical research may be
found in printed documents, such as official
records, reports, archives, and even diaries; or
in non-textual artifacts, such as relics, maps,
pictures, and audiovisual material.
• GROUNDED THEORY
It is a systematic research approach developed by

two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, in
which rigorous procedures (such as open coding-
identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing
phenomena encountered in the study, as well as
their characteristics) are used to collect data,
analyze that data, and formulate a theory on the
matter at hand.
• GROUNDED THEORY
This theory can then be used to explain,

provide a perspective on, or even predict
behavior in and of the particular context of
the study's subject.
• ACTION RESEARCH is a design which involves
a cycle of identifying a problem regarding a
situation or process, developing a strategy for
intervention (the 'action') with the purpose
of improving said situation or process,
implementing said intervention, and
observing and analyzing the results until a
sufficient level of understanding of (or valid
solution to) the problem is achieved.
• ACTION RESEARCH
Action research is a design which involves a
cycle of identifying a problem regarding a
situation or process, developing a strategy
intervention (the 'action') with the purpose
of improving said situation or process,
• META-ANALYSIS
This design is a systematic evaluation of
multiple individual studies on a topic in
order to not only summarize the results,
but also develop a new understanding
of the research problem.
• CASE STUDY
• A case study is a comprehensive, in-d
• specific individual, group of people,
• It may be used to gain insights into an
• provide background data for broad
• or explain socio-psychological and so
• CASE STUDY
• A case study is a comprehensive, in-depth
examination of a specific individual, group
of people, or institution. It may be used to
gain insights into an obscure or specific
problem; provide background data for
broader studies; or explain socio-
psychological and socio-cultural processes.
• CASE STUDY
Some of the disadvantages of case studies
are the problems of general application,
since the study focuses only on specific
subjects; the difficulty of determining the
adequacy of data; the possibility of biases;
and the expense entailed by the design.
The data from case studies is evaluated
through content analysis. It involves the
examination of communication messages.
Care must be exercised in selecting subjects
for case studies. The researcher should avoid
choosing only those participants who are
expected to respond favorably or
unfavorably to the instrument.
1.Case studies are time-consuming and may be quite
costly.
2. It needs in-depth analysis of single or multiple case/s.
3. It uses multiple sources of data such as documentation,
interviews, observation. and environmental detail.
4. It may result in descriptions of themes and assertions.
5. It clarifies cases and contexts.
6. It can select and develop issues.

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METHODOLOGY AND

Group interviews are conducted with

It is a systematic research approach developed by

This theory can then be used to explain,

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