Effect of Added Sodium Sulphate on Colour Strength and Dye

Fixation of Digital Printed Cellulosic Fabrics

GROUP NUMBER - 5 INTERNAL ADVISOR:

Dr. Saira Faisal

TS-14002 Syeda Amna Jamil (PGL)

TS-14020 Sumaiya Altaf
TS-14026 Syeda Dania Hasnain
TS-14027 Abdul Rehman Zakir Qureshi
 CONTENT

 Introduction
 Digital printing
 Salt in dyeing
 Literature review
 Aims and objectives of the printing
 Preliminary work
 Full experiment
 Results and discussion
 Conclusion
 Future work
 INTRODUCTION

• Inkjet printing is a classification of digital printing used in textile

industries.
• Due to ease of sampling and increased production, the inkjet printing is
used globally.
• Disadvantages of digital printing includes low yardage production.
• Additional cost of pre-treatment process, Higher number of passes and
frequent clogging of print head.
 SCREEN PRINTING DIGITAL PRINTING

•-The production takes7-8 weeks •Production takes 2-3 weeks

•-time and labor required for repeated •wide gamut,
changing of screens •mass customization,
•-color limitation •Decreased industrial waste and print
•-High production loss.
•-No additional cost of pre-treatment •Low resources consumption
•low yardage production,
•Additional cost of pre-treatment
process, Higher number of passes and
frequent clogging of print head.
•No color limitation.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of inkjet printing is such that the print
heads of the printer sprays a jet of micro particles of ink onto
the pretreated fabric. This technique helps to achieve quality
details of the print. The design process for the advent of digital
designs can always be done with the help of any graphic
design software.

In case of reactive printing, the process is:

Pretreatme Inkjet
Drying Steaming Wash off
nt Printing
REASONS OF PRE-TREATMENT IN DIGITAL PRINTING

Why?

Avoid print head blockages.

Corrosion of print head

with alkali.
Poor resolution due to low
viscous ink.
SALT IN DYEING
Salt is used in dyeing for three main reasons
•Helps to drive the dye
into textile .

As an electrolyte for
migration, adsorption and •Optimum exhaustion of
fixation of the dye to dye molecules.
substrates
 MECHANISM OF GLAUBER SALT REACTION
When the salt is added during reactive dyeing of cellulose, it will ionize as
follows:

Na2SO4 → 2(Na+1) + (SO4-2) (Glauber’s salt)

The salt then neutralizes the negative ion of the cellulose and in turn
promotes attraction of dye and fiber that aids in better exhaustion,

(Cell – O- + H+) + (Na+ + Cl-) → Cell – ONa

Cell – ONa + SO3- – Reactive dye → Cell – O – Reactive dye

(Exhausted dye on the substrate)
HOW?
 ADVANTAGES OF GLAUBERS SALT
It imparts Higher dye
It gives higher
smoother fabric exhaustion is
depth of shade
handle achieved

DISADVANTAGES OF GLAUBER’S SALT

Inhalation of dust can

Excess concentrations occur during
Excess amount may
of salt may cause preparation of powdered
cause shade variation
environmental damage form but it doesn’t
involve health risks
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• In 1995, Sarah O and John R published their work on their contribution
to the optimizing of inkjet printing pretreatment process. To get a more
enhances print and colour on fabric, they made a solution of water, urea
and a quaternary ammonium compound. The main colour enhancing
agent used in the pretreatment was the quaternary ammonium
compound and the treated fabric showed better color yield[1].

• In 2009, Kaimouz, A. W published their work for lyocell fibers

(Standard tencel and tencel A100) and its comparison with cotton
based on its printing with digital printer using reactive dye. The change
in pretreatment variables showed a major change in color yield making
pretreatment an extremely important phase[2].
 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

 The main aim of this project is to add sodium sulphate in pre-

treatment process which is an essential prerequisite for inkjet
printing.

 This salt has been used in dyeing for a long period of time since it
increases dye exhaustion and colour yield.

 The main objective of using salt for this project is to see its effect
on the colour strength, % fixation and ink penetration of the
printed fabric.
 PRELIMINARY WORK

Tencel A300 Tencel A400

• 5 recipes with different concentrations of salt. • 4 recipes

• 0g/l, 10 g/l, 20 g/l, 30 g/l, 40 g/l , 50 g/l of salt. • 0g/l, 10g/l, 30g/l 50g/l

Drying Printing
1020C for
Padding 120oC for 40 1200DPI, 2 Washing
Process route: seconds. passes
8.5 min
 RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY WORK
Bar Charts showing the colour strength, Ink penetration and % fixation of
digitally printed Tencel A300 Tencel A400.

Bar Charts for Tencel A400

K/S % Fixation % Penetration
25 1.5 0.15

% Penetration
% Fixation
20
15 1 0.1
K/S

10 0.5 0.05
5
K/S % Fixation % Penetration
0 0 0
0 10 30 50 0 10 30 50 0 10 30 50
Salt % Salt % Salt %
Bar Charts For Tencel A300
% Fixation % Penetration K/S
2 0.4 18.5
0.35 18

% Penetration
1.5 0.3
% Fixation

17.5
0.25

K/S
1 0.2 17

% Fixation 0.15 % Penetration 16.5 K/S

0.5 0.1 16
0.05
0 0 15.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

Salt % Salt % Salt %

• By the above preliminary work it was observed that Tencel A300 gave inclination toward increase
in K/S, Ink penetration and %Fixation and further work on it was done to see if the trend of
increment continues.

• But in T400 the results were mostly decreasing so it was not further experimented with.
 Evaluation

Datacolour
Assessment Colour Fastness to Colour fastness to
washing Rubbing
For reflectance
ISO 105 C06 A1M AATCC TM 08
D65 illuminant, 10 Observer
 FULL EXPERIMENT

• Cotton, previously selected, and Tencel A300 were selected for the
experiments.

• A set of recipes with varied quantities of each auxiliary of pre-

treatment, along with salts was done at three amounts :
 Sodium Sulphate : 0 g/l, 50 g/l and 100 g/l
 Thermocol Min(thickener):150 g/l, 200 g/l and 250 g/l.
 Sodium Bicarbonate(Alkali):30 g/l, 50 g/l and 70 g/l.
 Urea : 150 g/l, 200 g/l and 250 g/l.

• The procedure followed was same as that of preliminary work.

 RESULTS
Effect on Penetration

Effect of Salt on Ink Penetration

42

40

38

36

%P
34

32

30

28

26
0 50 1 00

Salt- g/l

COTTON TENCEL A300

Effect On Colour Strength:

COTTON TENCEL A300

Effect on % Fixation

Effect of Salt on %Fixation

0.80

0.78

0.76

0.74

%F
0.72

0.70

0.68

0.66
0 50 1 00

Salt - g/l

COTTON TENCEL A300

 CONCLUSION

The observation made after practical experimentation where sodium sulphate was
added to pre treatment liquor for digital printing in different quantities lead us to the
following results:

COTTON: The discussed results showed that addition of salt in pretreatment for
cotton did show improvement in penetration, % Fixation and colour strength. Addition
of salt did not decrease any of the observed parameters so it was also evident that
addition will not have any adverse effects on the Print result.

TENCEL A300: Addition of salt in pretreatment for Tencel A300 did show increase
in ink penetration but its result for % Fixation decreased and Colour strength was not
improved. So, it can be said the salt addition for this fabric had no noticeable positive
results.